Parenting Skills: Questions Essay

Review Questions 1. What is a family? What is family composition? 2. What is cultural bias? What is an example of this? 3. What are stereotypes? How are they different from prejudice? 4. What is the difference between a nuclear family and an extended family? Critical Thinking Questions 1. How can families assimilate to a new culture?  2. What are some of the problems with stereotypes or cultural bias when looking at families? 3. Adversity affects today’s family, just as Black Death affected families from earlier times. What kinds of adverse challenges do today’s families face and how can they manage the situations? 4. Why are families diverse in composition? How are family lifestyles of today different than the past? Review Answer 1. A family is a group of people who are tied together by co-residence, blood, or affection. A family composition is the makeup of a family, including the members of the family, their relationships to each other, and their ages. 2. A cultural bias is the judgement of practices by the standards of one’s culture. An example of this is we may look at a cultural practice different from ours and consider it wrong because it is not the same way our culture may handle things. 3. Stereotypes are assumed beliefs about a group of people. Prejudice is different from stereotypes because stereotypes are generally based on characteristics of some members of a group, while prejudice are assumptions made of the entire group. 4. The difference between a nuclear family and an extended family is that a nuclear family, also known as a traditional family, has two parents and the children, while the extended family may have multiple generations living under one roof. Critical Thinking Answers 1. Families assimilate to a new culture by letting them in, because they might not want a new culture to interfere with their traditions, but they might eventually let some cultures in. 2. Some problems with stereotypes and cultural bias are that when you look at minorities sometimes they may have to deal with negative comments or actions in various aspects of their daily lives.

Proc 5850 Logistics Essay

1. KLF Electronics is an American manufacturer of electronic equipment. The company has a single manufacturing facility in San Jose California. (20 points) KLF Electronics distributes its products through five regional warehouses located in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, and Los Angeles. In the current distribution system, the United States is partitioned into five major markets, each of which is served by a single regional warehouse. Customers, typically retail outlets, receive items directly from the regional warehouses in their market area. That is, in the current distribution system, each customer is assigned to a single market and receives deliveries from one regional warehouse. The warehouses receive items from the manufacturing facility; typically, it takes about two weeks to satisfy an order placed by any of the regional warehouses. In recent years, KLF has seen a significant increase in competition and huge pressure from their customers to improve service levels and reduce costs. To improve service level and reduce costs, KLF would like to consider an alternative distribution strategy in which the five regional warehouses are replaced with a single, central warehouse that will be in charge of all customer orders. Part A: Describe how you would design a new logistics network consisting of only a single warehouse. Due to increasing competition in the world, the company has to advance its logistics system. To meet the ever increasing demands of the customers, the company is planning to form a single regional warehouse that will be in charge of the customer orders. Logistics is responsible for the movement of people and materials in the organization. Logistics department of the company decides as to how and when, the raw materials or other finished or semi-finished products should be moved and stored. If the company plans for a single warehousing system, then it is basically focusing on the centralized warehousing which is responsible for serving the whole market. The network will be designed with the help of complete analysis of the company’s operations. This will help to design an efficient strategy for the company. The location and size of the warehouse will be decided. The transportation and facility costs will also be calculated. The cost set up will be properly estimated. The network will consist of various facilities like manufacturing center, vendor, distribution center and customers. There will also be a variety of raw materials and finished products that flow among these facilities. Part B: Provide an outline of such an analysis; what are the main steps? There are various steps that will be involved for designing a new logistics activity. In the first step, the currently operating network in the organization should be analyzed. In the second step, the network optimization database should be designed and populated. After this in the third step, the alternatives for network design should be created. In the fourth step, the network optimization model should be adopted. In the fifth step, the tool for network optimization should be selected. In the sixth step, the network optimization should be implemented. In the seventh step, the alternative network designs will be evaluated. In the last and the final step, the reconfiguration costs for the network will be analyzed. Part C: Specifically, what data would you need? The data that will be required for this design network is as follows: 1Â · A list of all the products of the company. 2Â · The location of the customers. 3Â · Warehousing cost and transportation cost. 4Â · Demands of the customer for each product. 5Â · Size of shipment by product. 6Â · Cost of processing the order. 7Â · Patterns of the orders by size, content and frequency. Part D: What are the advantages and disadvantages of the newly suggested distribution strategy relative to the existing distribution strategy? The newly suggested strategy will help the company in a number of ways. It will help in speeding up the production activities of the company. It will reduce the facility cost of the company. The safety stock required in centralized system is also less. It will also reduce the inbound transportation costs. The disadvantages of such a system are that the lead time will increase and it will become difficult for all the customers to easily approach a single warehouse. The activities will become complex and the outbound transportation cost will increase. 2. As the Purchasing Manager in a manufacturing firm, you would be expected to identify and know various aspects related to transportation/traffic in order to effectively perform your job. Today, during the staff meeting, your boss asked you for advice on two aspects of transportations: (20 points) a. What are the major considerations when handling materials? i. Discuss the following: 1. Load Unitization, 2. Space Layout, 3. Storage Equipment Choices, and 4. Movement Equipment Choices. There are various considerations while handling the materials and care should be taken, while working over this activity. The following things need to be considered: Load Unitization: This is an important factor of consideration for material handling. Load unitization is the packaging and arranging of the item or items in a particular manner that can be handled as a unit. It should be considered that the items are banded in a securable manner. In this, the physical packaging of the product needs to be considered for its protective packaging. Overhang pallets for packaging should not be used as they can damage the product (Lock, 1998). Space Layout: It is also an important point of consideration in material handling. The space layout should be such so that the materials can be handled in an easy and comfortable manner. The space layout should be according to the products and for the ease of the workers. Storage Equipment Choices: It is to be considered as it is the greatest factor that contributes to the storage cost. The storage equipment choices include automated storage and retrieval systems, carousel storage and retrieval system, automated guided vehicle system and power & free conveyors. These equipment choices need to be considered to check the efficiency and cost effectiveness of the logistics network. Movement Equipment Choices: it is also an important consideration in the material handling and it will help in allocating the movement of the materials for transport. The equipment choices help in managing the movement of the equipment for storage and transport. b. What legal forms of transportation are available to the company? ii. Identify the legal forms of transportation. iii. Discuss the legal forms of transportation. iv. Provide one example for each legal form of transportation. There are various forms of legal transportation which involves regulation of the operating rights. The forms of legal transportation are common carriers, contract carriers, exempt carriers and private carriers. Common carriers provide services under closed regulation, as per the published tariff. They operate in a particular geographical area and for a specific commodity. Example of common carrier can be ‘highway transportation’. Contract carriers provide services at individually negotiated rates and operate under a regulatory authority. They have pricing freedom and have no service compulsion. They operate on the guidelines that there should be no rate discrimination between the customers. Example of contract carrier is ‘rail transportation’. Exempt carriers are those which are not liable for taxation and free from obligations. These are used for agricultural commodities in the United States. Example of exempt carriers is water transportation. Private carriers look after their own goods transportation. They are not governed by cost and service regulations. They cannot carry the goods of others, although many regulations have now permitted to do so. Example of private carrier is air transport. 3. Consider the supply chain for breakfast cereal. Discuss the competing objectives of the farmers who make the raw materials, the manufacturing division of the company that makes the cereal, the logistics division of the company that makes the cereal, the marketing division of the company that make the cereal, the distribution arm of the grocery chain that sells the cereal, and the manager of the individual grocery store that sells the cereal. (20 points) In the supply chain for breakfast cereals, everyone has its own competing objectives which inspire them to produce the product by giving his best possible effort. In the supply chain, the objectives of the farmers are to produce the best quality raw materials and earn maximum profit for him and his family. He wants to sell it at the best possible price and puts all his efforts to produce the cereals. The competing objectives of the manufacturing division of the company are that they should produce the quality and type of product that is demanded by the customer. Its main aim is to acquire efficiency in production and to produce better than its competitors. The logistics division of the company also has certain competing objectives. It works with the objective of managing all the materials and manpower related activities. It handles the storage of materials in an efficient manner. The management of transportation, purchasing of raw materials, storage and supply of finished products are the main aim of the logistics division. The objectives of the marketing division of the company will be to market the product in an attractive and effective manner. The packaging should be attractive and should display the special qualities of the products. It also has the objective of deciding the pricing and promotional activities of the product. The objective of the distribution arm of the grocery chain is to distribute maximum quantity of the product to the retailers and cover more targets as compared to their competitors. The objective of the grocery store that sells the cereal will be to sell the best quality products to the customers. They also serve the customers and fulfill their requirements. 4. You have been called in as a consultant to a large drugstore chain which has 24,000 inventory line items. Explain how inventory classification could help this company to better control its inventory. (20 points) Inventory classification is very helpful for controlling the inventory when a company has such a wide variety of inventory line items. There are basically five different types of inventories that are fluctuating inventories, anticipation inventories, cycle inventories, transportation inventories and decoupling inventories. Fluctuating inventory will help in managing the irregular demand of the products. Anticipated inventory helps in managing the unpredictable demand of the product. Cycle inventory helps in equating the consumption and production of the products. Transportation inventories are managed, where the time taken to transport a product is more and so meet the demands, it is maintained. Decoupling inventory is maintained to cover up the increasing demand of the product or the increasing purchases of the product. Inventory classification will help the company in inventory control, as, it will help in proper planning of the production system as materials will be available wherever and whenever required. It will also help in satisfying the orders of the customers as per the commuted date. It can also help in solving the problem of rush order inventory. It will also help in timely management of the inventory. 5. Discuss how each of the following helps to alleviate the bullwhip effect: (20 points) c. E-Commerce and the Internet d. Express Delivery e. Collaborative forecasts f. Everyday low pricing g. Vendor-managed inventory Bullwhip effect is the enlargement of the demand fluctuations i.e. increases and decreases in demand. This is often caused by price fluctuations, rationing, misperceptions of feedbacks, ordering panics, forecasting errors etc. It can be alleviated with the help of various tools like internet, express delivery, collaborative forecasts etc. Internet and e-commerce helps in giving more accurate information to the suppliers about the demand of a product. It helps in prevention of deformation and wrong communication of the demand related information. It also assists in reducing the lead time, as; it eases the order processing activity. Express delivery helps in reducing the demand variance and also reduces the lead time. It refers to timely and very fast delivery of the products to the wholesalers and to the ultimate customers. In collaborative forecasts procurement, product management and sales participate. Collaborative forecasts help the stakeholders in arriving at a particular demand forecast and alleviate the bullwhip effect. Everyday pricing also alleviates the bullwhip effect. There are certain demand hikes, which are created by periodic promotions and this leads to increase in demand fluctuations. Everyday pricing helps in preventing the increasing demand fluctuations and alleviates the bullwhip effect. Vendor managed inventory is helpful for the supplier as, it assists in monitoring the downstream demand. With this, the supplier can make a good and effective decision related to various activities like what quantity should be shipped for the customers and what quantity should be kept on hand. So, with the help of vendor managed inventory, the supplier does not have to depend upon the order data. Thus, the supplier does not have to rely on order data for demand estimation and alleviates the bullwhip effect.

Battered Praise

Kneel on a worn leather cushion, ease into a creaky wooden pew, and stand on tired but restless legs. For what? Even with all of my praise, all God did was throw me onto the corner ropes of the ring and deliver a sharp jab with the left, then the right, right again, and finally a roundhouse kick that shouldve stopped all of the pain but never did. God didnt deliver the real blows, he let a swaggering drunk do his work for him, also known as my stepfather. From the time I was four, I carried around fresh pink, swollen welts and indigo-violet bruises blooming quickly beneath my delicate skin. While other little girls neat hair was pinned back to reveal a bright, shiny face and toothy grin, my jagged homemade haircut hung to hide the new fleshy welt on my cheek. I firmly believed God had let this happen. I never questioned the reality of God, but I questioned his righteousness. I existed to God as a punching bag. I blamed the ever-so-righteous God for all of my problems. I blamed him for the hot tears that streamed from my cerulean blue eyes, for the crippling nightmares that plagued my nights, and for the screams of my brothers that rang through the hollow halls of that broken house. God never seemed to hear my desperate prayers each night or my withered cries of pain as Warren repeatedly smacked my tiny body with a wooden spoon, or an aluminum baseball bat, or even the time he broke a glass plate over my head. The loud sound of breaking glass must have drowned my pleas. I was all alone in my suffering. It took eight long years to finally be rid of the brutal man who beat my body, crushed my hopes and dreams, and demolished my self esteem. Thats 2,920 days of endless tears, 70,080 hours of countless bruises, 4,204,800 minutes of praying for salvation, and 252,288,000 seconds of pur e hatred toward God and toward myself. Then one day it ended. Warren had thrown a swing at my mother and hit her square in the jaw. The police showed up for the hundredth time, but this time I left in my dads car with my three brothers, my mom left in an ambulance, and Warren left in handcuffs. Since that day six years ago I have lived with my wonderful father and stepmother. They strive to give me every opportunity to help me create the life I have chosen. Im growing to appreciate the person I am. My stare pierces the girl looking back at me from the mirror, and I still see a broken, terrified child cowering behind two miniscule hands. I see something else in that same reflection, I see a strong, independent woman who loves friends, family and life passionately throughout every moment of the day. A woman running toward a shining future. Now there are times where I see every flaw in myself, but who doesnt? Im human. Im allowed to have imperfections. Ive grown to trust God and to believe he is an ever-loving God. He wasnt torturing me, he was building me into the original, gorgeous, tenacious woman I am today.

The influence of e-commerce on the Modern Business Essay

The influence of e-commerce on the Modern Business - Essay Example A survey of academic literature reveals that there are both advantages and disadvantages in resorting to e-commerce. Advantages include lower costs, faster transaction times, and greater convenience in the management of consumer databases. The disadvantages principally concern security measures and the risks of electronic theft and fraud. The report also presents and analyzes the data gathered in a survey conducted among businessmen and customers who use e-commerce, as to the benefits they had experienced as a result of this patronage. The paper concludes with a summary of the report, and insights on the strategic usefulness of this commercial tool in future business transactions. Keywords Electronic commerce, electronic market, modern business, international commerce, EDI, EFT, WWW, information transformation, traditional business, differences. Table of Contents Title Page 1 Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Literature Review 5 E-commerce defined 5 Historical precursors that led to e-commerce 6 E-commerce applications classifications 8 Effects of information technology on electronic commerce 10 Criteria for e-commerce applications 10 Advantages of e-commerce over traditional businesses 15 Future modern business – Issues facing e-commerce in the future 17 Data gathering and analysis 18 Conclusion 25 Bibliography 27 Introduction The topic of this report is about the influences of e-commerce on the modern business. It will include what is e-commerce, give the definitions of e-commerce and explain the different professional nouns, such as B2C, B2B, B2M, B2A/G, C2C and C2A. After that, show the different between e-commerce and the traditional business and how the traditional business has changed today. Furthermore, give the development of e-commerce, show the important impacts of e-commerce, how e-commerce changes since 1970s and what is the main trend of e-commerce in business in different periods. Moreover, it will talk about how e-commerce wil l influence the trend of modern business. In addition, this report wills main focus on the definitions of the e-commerce and the profession nouns and the development of e-commerce. On the other hand, it also will compare the different between e-commerce, tradition business and the international commerce. Aim: This report aims to achieve the following: (1). Looking for different business ways between e-commerce and traditional. (2) Analysis how e-commerce will influence the future society. (3) Demonstrate the vulnerabilities of e-commerce. Objectives The specific objectives of this paper to attain the abovestated aims are the following: (1) Identify ethical, social issues of e-commerce (2) Give the recommendations and improve e-commerce (3) Make a research of how people think of e-commerce Questions: The report shall seek the answers to the following questions: (1) What are differences between e-commerce and traditional business? (2) What are the benefits and the vulnerabilities of e -commerce? (3) Will e-commerce play an important impact in the future? Literature Review E-commerce defined

Introduction to Organisations and Management Essay - 5

Introduction to Organisations and Management - Essay Example The organization structure and design is essential in an organization as it enables managers to allocate duties and ensure proper utilization of resources. Activities in the organization can be allocated according to function, output, customers, territory, process or cross-functional teams (CliffsNotes, 2011). In a dynamic environment, an organic organization design is preferred as it allows for adjustments as opposed to a mechanistic design which is rigid and ill-equipped to respond to rapid environmental changes. Recent literature has emphasized the use of teamwork in organizations so as to remain competitive and cope with rapid changes. Modern organizations are encountered with new management trends such as; crisis management, use of outside directors, increased use of information technology and need for global management skills (Gitman & McDaniel, 2008). Watson engine components represent traditional organizations which were family owned and bureaucratic in nature. The organizati on thus faces frequent problems of staff turnover and absenteeism due to boredom, lack of morale, non involvement in decision making and lack of a chance for career development. The jobs are highly specialized and employees are not allowed to move from their work stations. Team work is not encouraged and poor communication between staff and the management and between various departments makes it hard for the company to accomplish its goals. H & M consulting on the other hand represents modern organizations which have taken advantage of globalization to establish branches all over the world hence complexity in organization and management. It has also taken advantage of teamwork to ensure success. A learning culture is encouraged to ensure team members personal development as well as organizational development. The organization through its mission and values has established an organization culture where customers and employees are given priority for organization success. Contrary to c ommon belief that large organizations tend to have a bureaucratic organization design, H & M consulting has an organic design that enables it to cope with the rapid environment in which it operates. The differences between the two organizations in terms of how they are operated and managed will be discussed in detail in the report. Organization Structure and Design The organization structure shows the organization is configured and relationship between positions and departments while organization design is concerned with changes to the organization structure (Hill & Jones, 2008). Organization structure reflects the degree of complexity, formalization and centralization. Organization design is determined by the size of organization, lifecycle, environment and technology. Smaller firms tend to have organic structure but as the firm grows, it establishes formal structures and more rules and regulations hence become mechanistic. Due to rapid environmental changes, organizations apply bo th organic and mechanistic structures so as to be flexible enough to adjust to the changes (Gitman & McDaniel, 2008). Watson is a small company and has no room for growth due to unavailability of capital but applies mechanistic structure while H & M consulting is a multinational corporation formed through mergers and acquisitions hence operates in a rapid environment thus uses organic structure. Mechanistic structu

Develop an organisational management profile of an organisation in a Essay

Develop an organisational management profile of an organisation in a defined cultural context and critically reflect upon the F - Essay Example While developing the organisational structure, it is quite significant for the managers to address six key components. They are work specialisation, chain of command, centralisation and decentralisation, departmentalisation, span of control and formalisation (Murphy & Willmott, 2010). The organisational culture is mainly concerned with the way in which the employees perceive the nature of the organisation. It represents the common perception held by the members of organisation (Murphy & Willmott, 2010). The main objective of the study is to identify a Japanese organisation and to describe its cultural context in which the organisation tends to function and its management structure. The study will also try to relate management structure with the organisational culture with the assistance of varied theories that are available. After having related both the key aspects, this study will try to identify how well the organisation’s culture and structure aligns with its objectives. T he Japanese organisation that has been chosen for the study is Kyoto International School. It is located at the heart of Kyoto city and therefore offers its students with the first-class international education program. The school makes use of the international curriculum structure that offers the students with an opportunity to develop their intelligence in a way that can assist each student to build confidence towards facing the challenges in the real world (Kyoto International School, n.d.). Senpai/Kohai Relation at Japan Senpai and Kohai are considered as significant components of age-related status relationship in Japan. Senpai is almost similar to the western conception of mentor and Kohai is nearly similar to the notion of â€Å"acolytes†. The young employee in an organisation will be considered as Senpai of the older employee in case the older employee joins the organisation at a later time in comparison to the young employee (Geelong & District, Golden Plains Kyokush in Inc, 2011). It has been observed that in Japanese schools, the senior students who are considered as Senpai tend to have greater power over the students who are young (Kohai). The Japanese society has a vertical structure where the individuals are arranged according to rank order in their social group. The structure in Japan is quite rigid and is universally accepted and applied. The hierarchical Japanese social system is administered via education system. The individuals at Japan are not just evaluated by the length of education but by the name of the schools that they have attended as well (Czinkota & Kotabe, 2000). The Senpai and Kohai relationship also tends to impact the relation in between the teachers and the students. In Japan, the students think that teachers must be respected because of their experience, age as well as ability. They also consider that the teachers are always right. However, in universities the seniors are treated with greater respect but rank and power tend to separate professors and it is observed that there are vertical hierarchies involving seniority rules among the faculties in

Country report on the monetary policy of a central bank in the UK Case Study

Country report on the monetary policy of a central bank in the UK - Case Study Example Country report on the monetary policy of a central bank in the UK Financial crisis harmed global financial market rapidly during the year 2007 to 2008. Crisis affected the developed countries rapidly. Financial crisis hit American financial market by Lehman Brother’s bankruptcy. Financial crisis is reducing the scope of housing market efficiency in the UK. Return of the investment of the housing markets are declining rapidly. Droop in housing demands harmed the economy of the UK. Institutional and individual investors are not able to recover proper return as housing estates are not able to earn profits in the time of financial crisis (Bankofengland.co.uk, 2015b). Debt interest rates are depending on potential mortgage assets. During the years of 2007 and 2008, potential and already investors are having lower ability to invest money. Financial institutions are having low investment. People at that moment of time preferred to hold liquid cash rather than investing those. This policy of the people reduced the potentials of mortgage keeping. Securities of loan payment are facing hindrance of risk potentials. In the UK many small sized banks are losing out the rate of reserve which they are unable to provide credit. Housing industry of the UK faced certain risks regarding collection of investment from money and exchange industry. Money exchange market of the UK has lost the feasibility during 2007 and 2008 period.

Trade Unions in Great Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Trade Unions in Great Britain - Essay Example Thus, by the end of 2005 the number of those, who take part in the activity of British trade unions, has reduced from 14 to 8 million people. One of the main reasons for such sharp reduction was in the fact, that British workers didn't see any benefits of collective representation. If the numbers of trade unions members are compared, it will be seen that 35.5% of the UK workers were trade unions members in 1993, while their number has declined to almost 28.8% in 2004. (Howe, 2004) This decline is reflected through both absolute numbers and relative percentage of the labour force, presented in the private sector. The number of those, who participate in trade unions in public sector, has nominally increased due to the general increase of this sector labour force, but as a percentage this membership has also fallen. The general profile of trade union members has also changed during this period, with women leaving them and middle-income earners becoming the main force of trade unions now adays. The main reason for the constant decline in the trade union membership in the UK lies in general decline of the 'manufacturing base within the UK and the fragmentation of the workplace, linked to outsourcing and private sector influence in the public sector' (Beaumont, 1992) The bigger portion of those, who are occupied in private sector, has refused from such membership, seeing no use and no protection in trade unions' activity, with 58.8% of public sector workers being members of trade unions at present time. The total number of days devoted to strikes has also reduced, which is connected with the fact, that trade unions prefer devoting less time to strikes, but solving the major problems, without going into details. It is also forecast, that the amount of time, devoted to the strikes, and thus to breaks in working process, will continue to decrease. Speaking about the other reasons membership decline, the following reasons should be taken into account: - a considerable portion of those who represent labour force in the UK is constituted by migrants, who look for jobs on temporary basis and thus have the following reasons not to join the unions: a. the temporary nature of jobs these people prevents them from joining any trade union on the constant basis; b. such workers mostly work for the agencies, and not directly for their employers, which also prevents them from joining a trade union; c. the wages these workers earn are often so low, that the subscriptions they have to pay appear to be excessive for them. Migrants often move from one factory to another and thus they are difficult to be organized. Moreover, together with those, who work on a constant basis, they become very skeptical as for the possible positive role of trade unions in their employment relations. (Howe, 2004) Thus, it is clear that nowadays workers underestimate the role of trade unions in protecting their rights, refusing from membership. As Gall (1994) writes, 'Unions are painfully aware of the need to recruit new and younger members to reverse the decline in membership that has continued for over a decade. The changing nature of the workplace, with a decline in manufacturing and an increasingly fragmented and globalized workforce, is creating difficulties for trade unions which they are finding hard to meet. The sustained declining trend is a little surprising given legislation passed in recent years

Public Relations Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public Relations Project - Essay Example is necessary to develop drug abuse prevention awareness among the use, so that students can identify the dangers and impacts of drug abuse in their health and success. As the Public Relations staffer, I was hired by a non-profit organization to develop a broad communication plan in support of working to reduce smoking, especially among high school students, through our group, Stamp Out Smoking. The development of the communication plan usually starts with the assessment of smoking and other adolescent problems, which include examining the level of community risk factors, and the level of smoking in the community (Crano & Burgoon 145). The assessment results are used to raise community awareness of the seriousness and nature of smoking problem, and this information is used to determine the best program that is relevant to the students’ needs. The next step is the analysis of the student’s readiness for prevention. This helps in identifying further steps that are required to lecture the students before the beginning of the prevention effort. The final step involves holding meetings with teachers and student representatives to help implement and maintain research-based programs (Crano & Burgoon 145). This requires resource development for management and staffing with the existing delivery systems. This plan identifies information dissemination as the most effective communication method for creating drug prevention awareness among the high school students. This approach attempts to communicate the dangers of drug abuse by using a fear-arousal technique designs to frighten individuals and attract attention in to not using drugs, including the dangerous impacts of drug abuse on an individual’s health (Crano & Burgoon 259). The information approaches involve classroom lectures about the negative impacts of smoking, including printed materials, short films, and educational pamphlets, which imparts information to the youths about the dangers of smoking. This

Conan Doyle and Ronald Dahl Essay Example for Free

Conan Doyle and Ronald Dahl Essay In this essay I am going to examine the two stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Ronald Dahl, The Speckled Band and Lambs to the Slaughter. I will do so by comparing, contrasting, and explaining what the two writers are trying to say in each story because both stories are very different but both are the same genre. I will also explain what a genre is, and give examples of their many types. I will start with The Speckled Band by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The story contains one of the most famous fictional detectives the world has ever known, Sherlock Holmes. This character was created by Sir Arthur and surfaced in 1887 in Victorian times. The Victorians completely fell for the fictional character because crime was high in London at this time no one was safe. They also liked the character because he cracked every case and always defeated evil. When Doyle tried to kill of the character in 1893, there was a public outcry and Doyle received death threats warning him to keep Holmes alive. The language used is first person and it seems like the story is aimed at a type of upper class because it uses more sophisticated words for intelligent people. Where as Lambs to the Slaughter is third person and it is aimed at average people with average intellectual. Dahl has made it that way because this is his style. This makes the story easier to read. The Speckled Band begins with a very long opening paragraph and this is just to explain the scene and setting. The story starts with Watson explaining how many cases him and Holmes have got to deal with and this lasts for 9 lines which is unusual for an opening sentence. This doesnt give the story any atmosphere, suspense or tension and its really up to you if that little bit can make you want to read on. They usually are short to give you an instant view of what is going on. Dr Watson is telling the story and he is one of Holmess assistants and probably best friend, who help him with cases. He looks up to Holmes and admires him, he is devoted to him. In Lambs to the Slaughter it starts by giving you the setting and the mood of the story straight away by saying The room was warm and clean, the curtains drawn, the two table lamps alight hers and the one by the empty chair opposite. This gives you an image in your head of exactly what the room looks like and how it feels and you can tell this all from the first sentence! This adds to the atmosphere. Another character in this is Dr Grimesby Roylott who is the other main character in the story and he is the villain. Dr Roylott comes across as a very strong, aggressive and nasty man. Not one to mess with. This is a title people have given him because of past criminal offences, selfish, evil, uncivilised, rude behaviour, greed for financial gain, his brutality towards women and his frightening expressions of his savage, primitive nature (i. e. his mania, violent temper and physical cruelty). Even before Dr Roylott enters the story you get a picture of what type of man he is when Helen Stoner comes to Holmes for help and protection. This is where we hear most of the things about him. That he has uncontrollable anger, terrifying power to intimidate and threaten, etc. Holmes and Watson have the job of consoling Miss Stoner. With his appearance he is a huge man with brown hair down to the shoulder and blood shoot eyes. He also has very large hands. Three words I would use to describe him are intelligent, cunning and aggressive. He also isolates him self from the outside world and I think thats another reason why people are suspicious of him. This is every different from the villain in Lambs to the Slaughter. Mrs Mary Maloney is the very nice and pleasant wife for her husband. She does everything he ask of him, has the dinner on the table each night when he comes in at five oclock. She cooks, cleans and washes for him! Mary is extremely happy in her relationship until one day her husband tells her that he has been having an affair. She decides to take it as a dream at first and believes if she carries on as normal she might have imagined it. So she goes down to the cellar to get the meat for supper. As she comes back up he says, For Gods sake, dont make me supper Im going out! and at that moment without any pause she simply walked up behind him, swung the leg of lamb high in the air and brought it down as hard as she could on his head. The mysterious thing about these two villains is that when Dr Roylott gets caught for the murder of Miss Stoners sister you feel happy and glad that he has been rightly accused and he deserves what he gets! The twist is that when Mrs Maloney gets completely away with the murder of her husband you get a sense of feeling that pleases you because even though she has done wrong and should be punished. She has been calm and cunning about the situation and handled it well. Its as if you want her to get away with it! Out of the two Stories I prefer Lambs to the Slaughter because it is easier to read and understand but I like both because a lot of thought has gone into the plot and that makes it more interesting. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Evaluation Model for Web Service Change Management

Evaluation Model for Web Service Change Management EVALUATION MODEL FOR WEB SERVICE CHANGE MANAGEMENT BASED ON BUSINESS POLICY  ENFORCEMENT AbstractToday organizations in all industries are increasingly dependent upon IT and a highly available network to meet their business objectives. As customer expectations and demands rise, and their needs is one of the prevailing problems faced by IT enterprises at present, leading to increasingly complex IT service management systems. Although there exists many change management issues and solutions, there is no proper support for efficient change evaluation and monitoring. Present change management works are done only in the web service interface such as WSDL Web Service Definition Language and there is no proper support for dynamic nature in them. In order to provide a flexible environment for the Business Analyst to perform the emergency changes over the service business logic without the need of IT staff and also to evaluate changes made, we propose a Finite State Machine based Evaluation Model for Web Service Runtime Change Management and also a set of change factors to evalua te runtime changes of web services. Among which we mainly focus on the factor Business Policy Enforcement which is used for checking whether there is any policy violation with respect to the changes made. We first define the various change factors and derived solution is considered as the change measure for individual change factor. Keywords-Web Services, BL Analyzer, Dependency Analyzer, Change Factors, Business Policy Manager, Runtime Change Management, Change Evaluation Report. I. INTRODUCTION A web service is a piece of business logic that enables a paradigm shift in business structures allowing them to outsource required functionality from third party Web-based providers. As services are not static, they undergo many changes during their life cycle since the IT service management system now is facing an increasingly complex environment aroused by wide variety of requirements. This situation increases the likelihood of service interruption which in turn causes business loss. In this case, a series of changes are needed so that potential service interruptions can be prevented. A service change is any addition, modification, or removal of authorized, planned, or supported service or service component and its associated documentation. A typical IT enterprise faces considerable number of changes each year. To handle such changes, change management is needed. Change management is a set of processes that are employed to ensure that significant changes are implemented to a business process during its maintenance phase. The purpose of the change management process is to ensure that: Business risk is managed and minimized; Standardized methods and procedures are used for efficient and prompt handling of all changes; all changes to service assets and configuration items are recorded in the configuration management system; and all authorized changes support business needs and goals. Hence there arises the need for an effective framework managing those changes without affecting the business functionality. Here Change Management framework is proposed for making minor alterations to business logic but whose effect is more pronounced to the profitability of the organization. So the changes in business logic of the web service must be done very quickly within the given time constraint as the services consumed by the providers and clients must not be affected there by managing the changes at the runtime. We focus on creating environment for dynamic variations to the business logic so that it is feasible to make frequent modifications in a service which aids service provider and serves him to satisfy clients’ newfangled quests. Such environment is useful in the run-time management of web services and to exactly spot the solution to the service provider’s maintenance element. There are many models that subsist for Business Process Management in which the process is recycled for the overall process changes. However, the problem with these solutions is that they only support the process level flexibility and not the application/service level flexibility. On the other hand this Business Logic Management framework tries to append that service level flexibility. These changes are done at the Business analyst level instead of being done at the Developer level, which reduces the hierarchy level in change management and thus implies a reduction in time and cost requirements. A specific change in the logic, not only changes the functionality concerned with it, but also the dependent functions under the dependency group. In the logic level, the set of rules form the finite states with functions as transitions. A rule is said to be dependent in this model, if there is a transition from one rule to another on accepting a function. The level of dependency analysis can be even extended to the functions where the parameters act as the transition from one function to another. Thus the rules and functions under logic form a dependency group which is analyzed and verified for every change initiated externally. Those dependency groups assist in performing changes and results in an effective change. Those changes that are made based on the dependency analysis are measurable, complete and finite. Any change that is not based on the dependency analysis is said to violate the outlined properties and may result in a failure. Dependency analysis based on each factor is p erformed by a finite state machine. With the help of finite state machine, it is possible that if a particular logic has been successfully recognized then it goes to the halt state. On the other hand, there exists a transition from any state to the exception state E, if the rule or function encounters an exceptional input or parameter. By this way, the FSM simulates the pattern based on the behavior of the rules and functions, which can be easily verified and measured at each stage. This measure of change evaluation ensures that the business analyst has a direct control over the changes he makes and provides an environment that notifies the analyst about the outcome in a meaningful way. We propose a set of five change factors based on which the dependency existing between the business rules, functions and parameters is analyzed. Among which we mainly focus on the factor Business Policy Enforcement which is used for checking whether there is any policy violation with respect to the c hanges made. These change factors are also involved in the change evaluation that makes the changes to be specified in a precise and formal manner. II. FRAMEWORK FOR WEB SERVICE CHANGE MANAGEMENT In this framework, the course of action begins with issue of change request and the whole processing of the request is conducted under the supervision of an analyst. A ChangeRequest is an additional expectation that theCustomerwants which is outside the current defined scope of the project which is a change to an existing product. It is first specified by the analyst in detail. This specification includes the change to be made, brief description of the change to be made, action to be made, services, rules and the conditions under which the change has to be made. The Request handler is responsible for finding the type of the change and priority is assigned to indicate the order of importance of the request and also determines whether the change can be implemented within the runtime. Domain Variable Identifier discovers the domain variables present in the request by just tokenizing the request and searching whether any of tokens match against given domain variable set. Once we are done with domain variable identification, we can determine the domain to which the request refers to. The Domain Mapper finds the corresponding domain and services with the help of service repository which comprises all kinds of services and provides the result to Business Logic Analyzer. Fig1.Business policy enforcement framework The logic of all the services in the service repository are decomposed into rules, functions and parameters along with associated business policies are stored in the BL set with help of domain mapping. The BL analyzer identifies only the particular rule, functions, parameter and policy associated with it for each change request from BL set instead providing all the rules, functions, parameters and policies associated with it. The properties of interoperability, traceability, decidability, computability are preserved even after the alteration. These properties are evaluated by property evaluator and the calculated properties are appended to the schema to generate the final schema. The property values assist the analyst in making a decision whether or not to implement the alteration. Dependency Analyzer discovers dependencies with the ascertained rules and functions in the business logic through the identified change criteria. The Policy Manager checks for policy violation in the rule or function in which change has to be made and also in the dependent rules or functions. Since the change which is complete, finite and computable can even violate the associated policies, it is also checked by the policy manager after evaluating the properties of the identified change. Schema Generator is responsible for generating and upholding BL schema at various stages. This BL schema is helpful in guiding the management people who are not familiar in source code to make fruitful changes. The changes made in the schema will be updated obviously in business logic. Same way, when programmers do some changes in logic, it gets updated in schema accurately. Run time manager is responsible for building and deploying the services after fruitful changes are done and also it helps to debug the exceptions in the service logic sophistically. Change evaluator evaluates the changes made by the analyst based on the change factors such as business policy enforcement which determines violation of policy in the identified change criteria, code consistency which checks whether the preconditions and post conditions remains constant with respect to the changes made, requisite measure which checks whether the requisite rule or function is not altered with respect to the changes made and mapping function which checks the consistency with respect to the logic and also on the non-functional factors such as service interruption time, response time, reliability and service availability. The Change Evaluation Report includes result of the evaluation process of the change made i.e. the evaluation measures of the changes made by the analyst. By this framework, the analyst has the advantages such flexibility, works in a sophisticated environment without having much knowledge about source code since he can implement the changes at the schema level, knowledge transfer since he can do the changes whatever comes in mind directly and is able to evaluate it easily, independency since no nee d for depending on the development team thereby reducing the time and cost. III. CHANGE FACTORS Change factors are those that act as a criteria based on which the changes made can be evaluated. Any change in the business logic is governed by the following change factors. These factors influence changes either independently or in a group and make changes effective. And the change factors are as follows: Business policy enforcement Requisite measure Code consistency Mapping function A. Business Policy Enforcement In this paper, we mainly focus on the change factor business policy enforcement which is a measure of change which determines violation of policy in the identified change criteria. Here the main role of business policy enforcement is: policy mapping which is nothing but finding the appropriate policies which are associated with the rule or function in which the change has to be made and also with its dependent rules and functions; validation which refers checking whether there is any policy violation; and refinement which provides an environment for the analyst to modify the policy itself if necessary. In a business logic L encompassing set of rules R, functions F, parameters Pr, policy set P and dependency D , the change which is going to be made can be evaluated based on the business policy enforcement factor which checks whether there is any policy violation with respect to the changes made. Whenever a change is specified, it is first analyzed for completeness, finiteness and comp utable. Once the rules, functions and parameters in the change specifications are analyzed as complete, they are mapped with the existing logic set L. Then the corresponding rules, functions, parameters, dependency set and policy set are retrieved by which the change specification is checked whether it violates any policy. If so, the analyst is informed as the change cannot be made due to the violation of policy. Otherwise the change is successfully included in the existing logic set L. IV. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY The table in the next page shows the evaluation  results of some of the change requests implemented based on the business policy enforcement. TABLE I EVALUATION RESULTS FOR BUSINESS POLICY ENFORCEMENT V. Conclusion Any organization no matter its size will experience a large volume of changes in order to accommodate new business requirements, to correct faults in the infrastructure or the services, or for other reasons (such as legal requirements). This framework provides an environment for the business analyst to implement the changes at the sophisticated environment without having much knowledge about the source code and to evaluate the changes easily based on the proposed change factors in which business policy enforcement is mainly focused. With the help of the algorithm derived for the business policy enforcement, a case study of banking domain is implemented. By this framework, analyst is able to implement whatever comes in his mind directly without the help of developing team and also to detect policy violation and do the changes accordingly and also to refine the policy itself if needed. REFERENCES [1] Felix Cuadrado, Juan C. 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