You choose the topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You choose the topic - Essay Example Specifically, the author employs horrific imagery of death and revenge in order to set the mood for the eventual murder of Fortunato. Poe uses dark words and images of death like â€Å"a mask of black silk† worn by Montresor and â€Å"the damp ground of the catacombs† that both men see as they descend to the vaults (Poe, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†). In fact, the phrase â€Å"mask of black silk† and the word â€Å"catacombs† do not only foreshadow Fortunato’s death but also somehow symbolize death itself. The â€Å"mask of black silk† in particular, which is likened to the mask of an executioner, somehow signifies beginning of the initiation rite. Another form of symbolic imagery employed by Poe includes the family coat of arms of the Montresors: â€Å"the foot crushes a serpent rampant whose fangs are imbedded in the heel† (Poe, â€Å"The Cask†). The purpose of this particular form of imagery is to show the reader tha t the theme of death is perfectly intertwined with the theme of revenge and punishment. On the other hand, in â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† it was a disease that â€Å"had sharpened [the narrator’s] senses and that makes him â€Å"very, very dreadfully nervous† that has actually made him kill the old man. Moreover, the narrator seems to have admitted the murder and justifies it only on the basis of impulse. In short, unlike Montresor in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† the narrator in â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† does not hold a grudge against his victim although he kills him: â€Å"it was not the old man who vexed me, but his Evil Eye† (Poe, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†). This particular disease that somehow sharpens the narrator’s senses has somehow made him too nervous and too afraid of the old man’s Evil Eye and that is the reason why the narrator smothers the latter with a bed or a pillow until his death. He then chops of f the old man’s head and limbs and hides them under the planks. Although

Nursing theorists ab Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing theorists ab - Essay Example Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Nursing theory aimed at making encouraging patients be independent. Primary care, rehabilitation, and personal well being must have been the factors behind this theory. According to Dorothea, self-care is a human need, so nurses should come up with interventions to manage or provide actions of self-care for patients to maintain health and recover. This way, the recovery process will be much faster. The Cultural Care theory by Madeleine Leininger is based on providing patients with cultural care. The diverse cultural backgrounds are the main factors behind this theory. Leininger advocates for care aimed at fitting or having beneficial outcome and meaning to people of similar or different cultural backgrounds. Cultural care accommodation, preservation, and re-patterning are main pillars of this theory. How people react and relate to stress, and the dynamic reconstituting factors were the driving force behind Betty Neuman’s Systems Model theory (Taylor and Lillis, 2001). Betty focuses on how stress impacts on health and how nurses can to retain stability in the body system by helping patients adjust to stress and fight the stimuli producing

World War II and the Holocaust Essay Example for Free

World War II and the Holocaust Essay History would attest that Adolf Hitler is arguably the most influential figure of modern history. Although his persona is filled with notoriety and his legacy is mixed with greatness and disgust, he remains to be an undeniable impetus for the shaping of the world that we know today. He had his dreams of eternal glory, yet his he ended in perpetual shame. The man that has sent the entire globe into a war that brought the world into seven years of hell would always be Hitler. He has enticed an entire nation through his oratory and his speeches and has renewed the human understanding of human atrocity and racial genocide. He has shaped most of the modern day political and international landscape, in terms of foreign policy, racial discrimination, and Zionism. The world that we know today is mainly a product of the scientific advances brought by the demands of the Second World War, the organized extermination of races, and the heroic actions of those who did not allow for evil to prevail (Bullock, 3-12). Having Alois Hitler and Klara Hitler as parents, Adolf was born on the 20th of April in the year 1889 in a small town in Austria called Branau. His early life was filled with poverty and hardships. He became a lowly painter, a military corporal, and even a peddler with a flophouse for shelter. This was a time when he harboured his deep hatred for the Jewish race. This racial dissent has made him infamous for materializing his ruthless intentions of planning an organized mechanism on the elimination of Jews in his entire sphere of influence, and eventually, the world (Bullock 3). Hitler has left an inedible imprint in the European History and even the Worlds Modern History. Despite the fact that Hitler has never been previously engaged in any government position, he became Germanys chancellor and rose to power at the age of 43 in the year 1933. He did not possess formal education on any kind of foreign language and neither did he read intensively nor travelled extensively. Despite this, he managed to create a set of ideas that concern issues regarding foreign policy that were incorporated with his perceptions towards local and domestic affairs (Weinberg 30). Hitler’s rise to power and his capacity for evil are both astonishing. Everything about him was not extraordinary. He had a poor physique and an unimpressive appearance. Even in his execution of salutations was regarded sloppy. He was an Austrian citizen by birth, not German, which should have made the German people regard him as inferior. He was not scholastically impressive and neither did his artistic aspirations flourish. Such an existence laid the seeds of his intolerance, and his hatred of Jews and the prosperous middle classes. He was basically a failure and he only sought comfort through his withdrawal into the surreal world of fanaticism (Warner 9). On the death of Hindenburg in August of 1934, Hitler became both President and Chancellor of Germany. This allowed him to gain full command of the country’s armed forces. This is very crucial in his plans towards another world war. Every serving officer and man now took an oath of allegiance to Hitler personally. Their loyalties no longer lie in the country alone, but to Hitler himself. They vowed to adore and worship their leader and to fight and die protecting him. When, later his actions demonstrated his lack of enough sanity, but their act of pledging their allegiance to Hitler kept them from resorting to actions that would depose Hitler. This is a tremendous factor in enabling the army to fight to their death, long after the war was lost, and Germany had been invaded and overrun. Officers and men had sworn an oath to Hitler as long as they live and would never cease to follow his order and fight for him (Warner 14). A tremendous part of the impact that Hitler had towards Germany, and therefore the world, is primarily due to his strong will and how it affected the German public. He was remarkably successful in impressing his concepts and his ideas on the events that transpired instead of simply allowing these events to alter his own ideas and perception. The realities of those times were not exactly in conformation to Hitlers own, and they have proven stronger than Hitlers fanatic will and intense energies. But the explosive events during the decade of the 1930’s were not a pure random coincidence. These were manipulated by the opportunist Adolf Hitler. This allowed Hitler to corrupt the German public to his Nazi ideologies that primarily concerned the indoctrination of racism, which provided a basis for Germanys hope to arise from her defeat from the previous world war. Germany was did not meet defeat due to inherent weakness, but due to her resilience to continue fighting for long periods with the world as her enemy. This is a deep reflection of the natural racial superiority among the Aryans (Weinberg 30-32). When he formulated his foreign policy, his concepts can be summarized into this statement: The German people were not defeated during the First World War, the Jewish people and their supporters instead stabbed Germany in the back. This racialist doctrine was very significant as it included a very crucial teaching; it rejected the biblical concept that man is separate from other creatures. This novel form of pagan belief implicated that there should be purity of race which can be achieved through breeding selectively. Through this, he exploited Darwinian concepts and took advantage on the then popular belief of the need for racial hegemony. This preached that such breeding method is essential for progress, to which Germanys foreign policy must be directed to. Eliminating the categorization of people could only be judged through standards of utility instead of morality. This is the basis of the perception that the allegedly alien racial stock, which primarily pertains to the Jews, the Sinti and the Roma, was a danger to the society due to their extensive dispersion and tremendous influence and to the expanse of the progress which their assimilation had made, most especially in terms of the German society. The nightmare of the massacre of approximately six million Jews and five millions others composed of Gypsies, freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals and other enemies of the state shook the world and have redefined the extent of human artistic cruelty (Weinberg 32-33). Hitler, as the leader of the Third Reich, was responsible for the outbreak of World War II. Had he not decided to materialize his plans of expanding the territories of Germany for the purpose of lebensraum, or providing space for the racially superior German people and take those lands that belong to racially inferior people, the world would not have met years of infamy and destruction. But this is just one of the reasons. The main objective of Nazi Germany was to dominate the world and to establish an Empire, comparative to that of the Romans, which would last for an entire Millennium (Bullock 625). Hitler promised the people of Germany to become all powerful, that there was a new hope for the German public that the dynamism of National Socialism could be harnessed to their own limited goals. Hitler was a very promising leader who could lead Germany back to strength. Although many opposed his rise to power, as they have recognized clearly the implications of his policies, especially in the field of foreign affairs, he overcame his critics. Before 1933, the millions who pushed Hitler forward and the small clique who installed him in office, by no means constituted the whole population. But there were vast reservoirs of support for the new leader to draw on, and for many years the support only grew stronger instead of waning. The national acceptance of the leadership principle implied the unconditional surrender of the country to the will of a leader who had explained for years what he would do with power when he secured it. Hitler fulfilled his intentions of the wars favoured by his supporters and has been much loyal to the ideologies he preached until the hour of his demise (Weinberg 53). Part of his â€Å"Final Solution to the Jewish Question,† Hitler tasked General Heydrich to meet with other German officials, political and military, in order to set guidelines as how to systematically exterminate the Jews. This is known as the Wannsee Conference. Through this, Hitler ordered the construction of concentration, labour, and extermination camps all over Europe. This is where the Schutzchaffel, the Gestapo, and the Eizantzgruppen disposed the Jews and forced them to be interned into unimaginable living conditions. The most notorious of the camps built during the Nazi occupation of Europe was the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp in Poland. It is the largest of its kind and is most known that once a prisoner enters it, he can never get out alive. This camp did not only send the Jews and other prisoners to their deaths through the gas chambers and intense labour, it experimented on the people in the camps for development of medical treatment. Dr. Mengeles exceptional interests on twins were highly evident as when the camp was liberated, most children that survived the holocaust were identical, physically and genetically. Dwarfs examinations and skeletal scrutiny were also some of the primary subjects of the studies done in these camps. Other forms of experiment included subjects into Siamese twins and even inseminating women with animal sperms. Other relevant experiments concerning warfare included high altitude tolerance, low temperature, and salinity tolerance. These are highly useful for the Lufwaffe, or the German Air Force. For matters concerning first aid, biological warfare, and even immunization, physicians in the camp deliberately injected diseases, exposed prisoners to surgical procedures never tested, and even experimented on wounds usually acquired in battle (Medical Experimentation). Such efforts made by Hitler are very significant in the modern world. It necessitated the world to discover new ways to fight a war, to seek better medical alternatives, and even inventing technologically advance devices. More powerful forms of armaments, tanks, and even aircrafts were primarily developed during the war era. The most notable among them is the dawn of a nuclear era with the race for the invention of the atomic bomb. Today, governments ensure that discrimination is an illegal act, that it would impose sanctions to those who would profile people for their cultural, religious, and even gender orientation. But most of all, because of the holocaust, the Western governments had strengthened their support for the Jews which have led to the establishment of an Israeli state within Palestine. This success of Zionism has impacted the contemporary political situation in West Asia, as this led to years of war between Israeli citizens and their neighbouring Arab nations. Although to other perspectives see that Zionism is providing a people without land with land without people, they cannot deny that it is already occupied by Palestinians who are now evicted from the land of their ancestors (Weinberg 319; Palumbo, Land without a People). The niche of Adolf Hitler in history is quite established and his reputation can possibly be never redeemed. He has waged a war against the world, with Mussolini as his only fully fledged ally, and has in turn sent over 50 million people to their deaths. Hitlers legacy is regarded no longer with admiration and glorification, as his name and the party he had built had become a synonym to the word evil. His doctrines and his actions are now condemned for posterity to remember and never forgive. Although some still hail his name and favour his advocacies and ideologies while other still despise the person that he was, it cannot be denied that he is pivotal for the events that transpired during the mid twentieth century. His role is that he is the driving force, the cause, and the perpetrator of the crimes against humanity that the world has never known (Weinberg 287-290; Adolf Hitler).

Open field agriculture in England

Open field agriculture in England The open field system was a prevalent agricultural system in much of Europe from the middle ages; in some places it was still present up until the 20th century. For example in Herefordshire the last open fields were removed in the 20th century. This form of settlement can also be known as champion land. Each villager was allocated strips usually at a village meeting each year. Their holdings were scattered. However contrary to popular belief not all areas in England had open field farming in the medieval period. For example in Essex and Kent they retained pre Roman system of small square enclosed fields. Lincolnshire was a typical area of open field agriculture. However, much of pre roman Britain was an open field system. There is much division and debate on when the open field system originated. This can be argued that it is down to insufficient distinction being made between a three strip system, a three field system and an open field system.  [1]  H.L.Grays work in English field systems can be seen as a starting point in 1915. However it has now been realised that open field systems are much more complex than he first thought. He focused on the variety of open field systems. Later came Orwins view, in the open fields of 1938, they had a practical approach which was seen to be influential but they assumed that the open field system was fully running from the start which has been proven to be wrong. Then in 1964 came Joan thirsk new view, distinguishing between open fields and common fields and arguing that it developed slowly, maturing in the 13th century. In 1973 historical geographers Baker and Butlin did a number of regional studies which emphasised the variety, and stressed that they evolved . It concluded that the midland field system was more adaptable to change than was once believed.  [2]  This belief that they evolved is accepted but now earlier chronology is now preferred. Then in 1983 in the agricultural history review it drew attention to how they seemed to be planned. This was also argued in 1982 David Hall medieval fields for the 8th and 9th origin subdivided fields laid out in a deliberate act of planning. The original plan was drastically modified over time.  [3]  However this can be disputed R. A. Dodgshon argues that they were not consciously designed, but that they were makeshift and response to a diversity of influences. Opinion has therefore changed and evolved over time but is also still divided. Land was divided into what was known as planned countryside (champion) and ancient countryside (woodland). Thomas Harrison said it is so that soile being divided into champion ground and woodland  [4]  . In the champion everybody lives in uniformly built towns, it is a nucleated village, whereas woodland villages people are scattered. In the champion was where the open fields were, open fields are where there are no hedges or fixed physical boundaries, possibly on the edge but not internally, it has strips. The land is the champion is divided into lots of strips, each individual gets around 30 strips. They are scattered throughout the territory of the parish muddled with everybody elses. However it is in a regular order, as would be their houses in the streets also. Between 1220 and 1240 documents show that wherever Thomas de Hampton had strips then Henry de Kaam was his neighbour.  [5]  The strips of land also known as selions are then grouped into bundles called furlongs, t hese are then grouped into fields. Each village has two or three fields. Each year one of the fields was allowed to remain fallow. They were instead grazed with livestock, they became communal. Therefore it was communal on one hand but on the other individualistic, you got to keep what you grew. The strips could not be bundled into one group because if they were all in one place they may all be fallow for one year. In the late medieval periods they gradually disappear. It is often seen as hard to define when the open field system of agriculture first developed. There are many debates among historians for the origins of the open field system for example in a recent article on the common fields Dr Thirsk attacked the orthodox view of Gray Orwin on the subject. Dr Thirsk defined the classical common field system as being made up of four essential elements.  [6]  At first arable and meadow were divided into strips, then arable and meadow were open for common pasturing, then common rights over waste, then finally this was regulated by a group of people. This definition is quite unobjectionable, though it could be argued that its third element common rights over waste is not strictly essential to it.  [7]  In the journal it is argued that the open field system as it is normally understood did not come into being until the later Middle Ages. It argues that if dr thirsk succeeds in showing that the evidence for the existence of the open field syst em in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries is far from being conclusive or satisfactory.  [8]   Open field agriculture took many forms. Therefore it is hard to pin point when the origin was. The different factors which go to make up the various types of open field systems go some way towards explain the origins of such systems.  [9]  However this is then disputed by archaeologists who are concerned with the physical remains of the past e.g. ridge and furrow. The historians and historical geographers have a different view on the definition of open field systems compared to that of the archaeologists. Historians base their definitions on the systems, and social aspects. Not just merely the remains. This therefore leads to problems in dating when open fields originated. it is extremely difficult to discover the origins of almost any aspect of human behaviour, for until it is relatively common place it is usually difficult to detect archaeologically.  [10]  Also there is the problem that over the years there are changes that disrupt the land. Thus the physical manifestation s of open fields which archaeologists have to deal with are the result of the pattern imposed by the most recent cultivation, not the first.  [11]  Therefore when studying open field systems archaeologists look at the ridge and furrow and accept it to be medieval. It has however become clear from recent work they there was never just one type of open field system. Even by the thirteenth century, there was not one type of open field system but many.  [12]  There is often a pessimistic approach to the origins of open fields. The evidence that remains to help us discover the origins of the open field system includes ridge and furrow. A heavy plough, capable of turning over sod would cut the furrow and a mold board turns the soil sideways, pulled by 6 to 8 ox. We know this from domesday. This would gradually mound the soil up in the middle of the strip. The strips were not straight but always shaped as an s but backwards. This is because of the turning room the plough needed and the fact that most were right handed. We can date ridge and furrow from any time after the introduction of the heavy plough and not necessarily medieval. By the 11th century it was in use in most of England. It is important to remember that there was never one open field system over Britain that was identical and used. It also changed over the years. It developed over time. Why it grew is important. There needed to be a solution to the problem of farming with certain soils, animals, climate, topography, crops, markets, transportation and so forth. At any one moment there were open field villages in various stages of evolution.  [13]  Hard to define what an open field system was. It was different in different areas so can seen to be started at different times. Consequently, the second complex phenomenon behind the label is the lack of agreement of what is to be understood by an open field system, as different authors disagree to some extent on what constitutes the salient interlocking features of the system.  [14]   There are many broad outlines to what an open field system was and when it developed over the country making it difficult to summarise when it evolved. There is also lots of literature on this topic which is diverse. One of the earliest pieces of evidence of the early open field system comes from a law from King Ine of Wessex. If ceorls have a common meadow or other share land to enclose, and some have enclosed their share while other have not.  [15]  This was issued between 668 and 694. It gives evidence to the early existence of open fields. However it doesnt give elements of the whole system. It does not mention strips, cropping rules, common grazing or regulations. We cannot however assume that all land even within the same community was treated the same. All of the elements therefore may not have originated at once but could have been gradual. Then in 966 a charter refers to arable share land. it is very likely that the exploitation of the agricultural resources of midland E ngland was well established by the tenth century, although it is equally likely that the complex open filed system did not reach its full maturity before the twelfth.  [16]  There are now lots of evidence to suggest that the introduction of the open field system was a long term process. When looking at maps of open field systems you can see that each system is logically adapted to the geography of its parish. Also different systems co existed side by side in the same geographical area. The open field system originated because it was sufficient at feeding the population. Local landowners would rent land to farmers known as tenants, they would grow enough to survive and any left would be sold to market. Ridge and furrow advantages include drainage especially on heavy clay soils where the water wont drain easily. However you do not want to plough light soils such as chalk. Also there is the creased table cloth theory. Possible resistance to soil erosion and it creates more surface area so there is more land to grow crops on. For many centuries it met the countrys need for food, it also let villagers have a say as it made decision by vote, and people were working together, there was also the common land so a sense of community. It went hand in hand with the development of villages clustered around a nucleus of church and manor house. This created a sense of community, they worked communally, and open field agriculture is an example of this. In some villages, villagers owned a team of oxen so ploughed the strips in sequence. However in some ways it can also be seen as individualistic. It gradually spread over England, but it can never be said that it completely took over. The most common open field system was where a village had 3 bigs fields with the village located in the centre, each field could be miles across and each villagers would have strips of land in each field so that each would have a share of good and bad land.

Sociological Perspectives on Alcohol Use, Problems, and Policy Essay

It is unfortunate that many people within our society and worldwide suffers from the affects of alcohol addiction. There are many issues associated with this addiction and many times it’s not only the victim that deals with the addiction but also the people in close association with the individual. Alcohol addiction can afflict anyone and knows no limits of its damage that it can do to a person’s life or the people in their lives. Most importantly are the ones whom seek help for their addiction as it becomes a lifelong healing period for them. It has become clear that constant consumption of alcohol leads to addiction. It has also become clearer with the laws and policies that have been drawn up to combat drunk drivers that it is not a normal thing to do anymore as was thought to be normal in the late 60’s and early 70’s. This is not normal behaviour and it becomes clearer as the laws for drinking and driving is enforced by law enforcement officers. It is a duty for addiction workers to help in the aid of these problems and its laws and policies that help in putting a stop to some of the problems that arise from this addiction. This research paper will help enable sociologists to determine what the ongoing effects have on an alcoholic and further provides information on the long-term effects that society has to deal with. The significance of alcoholism and sociology is the ability of sociologists to research and discover how human behaviour is affected on many aspects of its effects on a person. An alcoholic can be described as someone who is addicted to drinking alcoholic beverages in excess. What starts out as social drinking can lead to excessive drinking and the many problems associated with alcohol abuse and i... ...y therapy in the treatment of alcohol-related problems: A review of behavioural family therapy, family systems theraphy and treatment matching research. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, (17)3, 13-23. Latham, P.K., & Napier, T.L. (1992). Psychosocial consequences of alcohol misuse in the family of origin. The International Journal of the Addictions, 27, 1137-1158. Murray, Jane Lothian, Linden, Rick and Kendall, Diane. (2011). SOCIOLOGY IN OUR TIMES, Fifth Canadian Edition by Nelson Education Limited, Published by Thomson Wadsworth, USA. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (Office of Applied Studies). Treatment Episode Data Set(TEDS): Highlights-2003. National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services, Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services, 2003. Walsh, F. (1998). Strengthening family resilience. New York: Guilford.

Do Sentences Have Identity? :: Equiformity Language Composition Papers

Do Sentences Have Identity? We study here equiformity, the standard identity criterion for sentences. This notion was put forward by Lesniewski, mentioned by Tarski and defined explicitly by Presburger. At the practical level this criterion seems workable but if the notion of sentence is taken as a fundamental basis for logic and mathematics, it seems that this principle cannot be maintained without vicious circle. It seems also that equiformity has some semantical features ; maybe this is not so clear for individual signs but sentences are often considered as meaningful combinations of signs. If meaning has to play a role, we are thus maybe in no better position than when dealing with identity criterion for propositions. In formal logic, one speaks rather about well-formed formulas, but closed formulas are called sentences because they are meaningful in the sense that they can be true or false. Formulas look better like mathematical objects than material inscriptions and equiformity does not seem to apply to t hem. Various congruencies can be considered as identities between formulas and in particular "to have the same logical form". One can say that the objects of study of logic are rather logical forms than sentences conceived as material inscriptions. 1. What is equiformity? Some logicians have rejected propositions in favour of sentences, arguing in particular that there is no satisfactory identity criterion for propositions (cf. Quine, 1970). But is there one for sentences? The idea that logic is about sentences rather than propositions and that sentences are nothing more that material inscriptions was already developed by Lesniewski, who also saw immediately the main difficulty of this conception and introduced the notion of equiformity to solve it. His attitude his well described in a footnote of one of Tarski’s famous early papers: As already explained, sentences are here regarded as material objects (inscriptions). (...) It is not always possible to form the implication of two sentences (they may occur in widely separated places). In order to simplify matters we have (...) committed an error; this consists in identifying equiform sentences (as S. Lesniewski calls them). This error can be removed by interpreting S as the set of all types of sentences (and not of sentences) and by modifying in an analogous manner the intuitive sense of other primitve concepts. In this connexion by the type of a sentence x we understand the set of all sentences which are equiform with x.

Yellow Fever

1.) Three diseases that could possibly be related to Todd's case are Malaria, Yellow Fever, and Typhoid Fever. All of these included the same symptoms, such as: fever, headache, chills, vomiting, bleeding of some type(gums or nose†¦. even though â€Å"nose bleeding† wasn't a symptom of Todd's†¦ it still threw up a red flag to me), joint pain(could be related to back pain), liver symptoms(yellow skin/jaundice – Malaria doesn't have â€Å"liver symptoms†, but it does have ‘anemia' as a symptom, so this still placed it as a â€Å"contender† for me)†¦etc. 2.) The pathogen most likely affecting Todd is the genus Flavivirus, which is transmitted by the vector Masoni africana. I believe this to be the pathogen & vector not only because it is the primary carrier of yellow fever(which matches the signs & symptoms Todd was experiencing), but also because it is found in tropical areas(they were in the rain forests of Ghana). 3.) The clinical name for Todd's condition is Jungle/Sylvatic Yellow Fever(Coquillettidia fuscopennata). It is usually spread from infected monkeys to humans by the bite of a female mosquito. It is most commonly found in tropical rain forests(aka ‘jungles')†¦. this is where the â€Å"jungle† part of the name of the condition derives from. – The â€Å"yellow† part of ‘Yellow Fever' comes from the fact that as the virus enters the later(toxic phase), the liver is damaged, causing jaundice(YELLOWing of the skin). 4.) There are two types of Yellow Fever†¦ Urban Yellow Fever and Jungle/Sylvatic Yellow Fever. The Urban Yellow Fever is transmitted by the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. It is spread when the mosquito bites an infected person and then carries that virus to another human. The Jungle/Sylvatic Yellow Fever usually originates in monkeys and is typically spread to humans when they enter a rainforest in Africa(or any other tropical atmosphere) via the Masoni africana. -This virus can't be spread from person to person†¦ only by mosquito bite. 5.) If Kevin wasn't bitten by a mosquito with this specific virus, he won't have the virus(or any symptoms of this virus). He should, however, be tested for this virus because the first symptoms don't appear until 3-6 days after being bitten by the mosquito. 6.) The virus is endemic in the tropical areas of Africa, due to the fact that the Masoni africana is found in African rainforests AND most of the residents of this area have built up an immunity to this virus†¦ but it could possibly become an epidemic if large numbers of non-Africa-residing people continue to visit this area and become infected OR if the mosquitos that carry this virus are brought out of Africa to other areas of the world and begin to infect numerous individuals. 7.) Yellow Fever is very UNcommon in the United States†¦ the incidence rate is approximately 1:272,000,000. 8.) There is no specific treatment for Yellow Fever. The infected individual is usually hospitalized and signs and symptoms are treated as they arise†¦. Such administering fluids for dehydration, pain relief medications, dialysis for kidney failure, blood transfusions due to massive blood loss†¦etc. 9.) It IS possible that Todd will die from this virus. It is estimated that there are 30,000 deaths out of the 200,000(worldwide) total cases of Yellow Fever annually. 10.) The Yellow Fever vaccine is available and is the single-most important preventative measure against this virus. It has been shown to provide immunity for 30-35 years or more and begins to provide immunity within one week. This immunization is required prior to arriving in Ghana(Africa).