Woman in Black

Woman in Black- drama coursework Essay The Woman in Black was written by Susan Hill in 1983, but was first published by Hamish Hamilton in 1983 as a hardback book. Most of the ideas for the Woman in Black came from M.R James. In 1989, The Woman in Black went onto television as a film thanks to a television writer called Nigel Kneal. In 1987, it became a stage play, and was first performed in Scarborough at the Theatre-by-the-sea. Then in 1989, the stage play moved to the Fortune theatre in Londons west end. A young solicitor goes to stay at a house on the Nine lives causeway, and experiences lots of strange and scary noises and haunting as he goes through some of Mrs Drablows papers. The main haunting noise he hears is of a horse and cart that crashed, followed on by the severe screaming of a young child and a woman. One day Mr Kipps goes to a funeral, and sees a woman dressed in black with a pale and wasted face, standing amongst a group of young children. Mr Kipps realises there is more to Alice Drablow then he thought. In Crythin Gifford, nobody is happy to talk about the history of Mrs Drablow or the woman in black, for when they tried to find out, it caused them great pain and fear. When the solicitor talks to Mr Kipps, he finds out that Jennet Humfrye, sister to Mrs Drablow had a child, but could not look after it. So the baby boy was adopted by Mrs Drablow and her husband, who both insisted that the boy should never know that Jennet was his real mother. After a long while of Jennet trying to get contact with him, she was eventually allowed to be his nursemaid, as long as she never told him the truth. One day Jennets son was on a pony and trap going along the causeway, and it got lost and sunk into the marshes, which killed everybody on it. Jennet was looking out the window of Eel Marsh house, and saw this. She died later and started to haunt Eel marsh house and Crythin Gifford with revenge. She was now known as the woman in black. According to local people there, if somebody saw the woman in black, the death of a child would occur later, and this did happen, when Arthur Kipps returned to London. He gets married and has a child. He goes to the fair one day with his wife, Stella and his child, and the wife and child decide to get on the pony and trap. Mr Kipps sees the woman in black once more, and the pony and trap crashes, killing the child and badly injuring Stella. Stella later dies. The main characters in the woman in black are:  Ã‚  Arthur Kipps (Michael Burell)  Ã‚  The actor (Dominic Marsh)  Ã‚  The woman in black (Paul Shelley and Damien Matthews)  On lesson one, the whole class gathered into a circle, and we turned the lights off. We were in the drama studio, and were gathered around a small paper fire lit up orange. The laptop was on playing lots of spooky and noises, making the class very tense and anxious. This was the day of Halloween, which made the tension build even higher, for we were expecting something to happen on Halloween. One by one we told ghostly experiences, and certain people kept saying they heard noises or saw white specks of light flying across the ceiling. Lots of suspension had been built up. This caused everybody to cling to people beside them, for they became really paranoid. Then, about 10 minutes into the lesson, the door handle on the cupboard beside the entrance door had been placed down a little bit. This kept on happening every few minutes, which kept causing everybody to point, scream and gasp. I particularly felt extremely scared and paranoid, for I was sitting in a position in the circle where I was in front of it. Even though I was at a distance, I still felt terrified. Some people were so scared they were either really shaking or close to tears. I kept on hearing scratching noises, and could not stop looking behind me. .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 , .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 .postImageUrl , .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 , .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1:hover , .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1:visited , .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1:active { border:0!important; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1:active , .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1 .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5417733d1031170a083da7b36daad0e1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Duffys Poem EssayStephanie Charles went to open the door, and it flew open, with a dark figure standing there in a white mask. We were absolutely petrified, and could not think about anything else, but to get as far away as possible.  The main explorative strategy that went on was narration, which is when a character talks and tell the story to the audience, and what certain characters are about to do. This helped me to understand that it depends on how the narrator tells the story to make it scary, and how much tension and suspense that can be built up. It also helped me see that when your scared, you do not know what to do. This relates to the part in the woman in blac k when Arthur saw the woman in black in the graveyard, and he just ran away for he was really frightened. This helps me to understand the play, because I now see that Arthur did not want to tell his wife about seeing the woman in black, for he knew his children would die one day when he saw her again. On lesson two, we got into pairs, and told each other about our ghostly experiences. We chose the worst story, and got together with another pair, Sophie Moore and Stephanie Orford to act the story out. The worst story was Stephanie Charles, when she was doing a Ouija board with 3 other friends, and one of her friends fainted, because they felt the feelings of death. The role play me, Stephanie Orphord and Sophie Moore played was the 3 friends who were participating, and Stephanie Charles did all the communication with the spiritual side, and putting all our forefingers on the glass, allowing it to be moved by the ghost. I also played the friend who fainted from feeling death. When we performed it on stage to everyone, we sat round in a circle, but made sure our backs were not facing the audience. We also left a gap in the circle, allowing the audience to see how we were acting out our fingers being moved when they were on the glass.  This activity helped us to explore the idea of telling tales, because we realised how to build up suspension between us and the audience, and how curious mysterious situations made the audience. Adding in certain situations taught us on how to keep the audience watching, and how to surprise them when they least expect it. Explorative strategies we used was role play, which is when a certain person takes on the role, situation, emotions and personality of a certain character. I used role play when I took the role of fainting. This helped me understand how dangerous and how terrifying doing something like a Ouija board is, and how it can go very wrong. It also helped me to understand the play, because it helped me see how worried and scared Arthur Kipps must have been when his child and wife died. This situation relates to me fainting, for it shows how petrified and worried my friends would have been for me.

Nursing Case Study

Questions: 1. What information do you need to decide whether Mr. Satos symptoms are normal changes of aging or true indicators of cognitive decline? 2. What resources might you access to help the patient and family? 3. What other disciplines might be important to involve in Mr. Satos care?4. Consider an older adult who is experiencing vision changes and has difficulty reading the small print in the newspaper. Identify ways to assist this patient in taking six daily medications that come in individually labeled pill containers.5. Identify 3 community resources available for the older adult in the community you reside that you can share with your patients. Answers: 1: Mr. Sato has trouble remembering things and sometimes he seems lost while riding. These momentary lapses are normal in aged person as they suffer from the cognitive decline during the aging process. In older people, information processing slows down, and they have trouble multitasking. But this kind of memory complaints are not signs of dementia. Mr. Sato has dementia can be predicted only if he shows the inability to learn and acquire new information. However, mild episodic memory is a precursor of the disease. To confirm dementia in a patient, any two of the following function must be significantly impaired: Memory, communication, and language, ability to pay attention, reasoning and visual perception (Simard et al., 2015). 2: The resource which could help patients and family include linking with the Alzheimer Society. This society can help the patient with the management of disease at the time of diagnosis and during the progression and treatment of illness. Another resource could be education about dementia by awareness programs, support from doctors, coordination from community health care and written resources like medical magazines, etc. to assist patient and family member in dealing with the disease. Respite care and technological ways of dealing with dementia are also helpful (Boots et al., 2014). 3: Other disciplines who are important in caring for Mr. Sato includes- Nurse- Helping in personal care and carrying out daily activities of life. Physician- Helps in identifying a change in cognitive function, counseling, and routine diagnostic evaluation. Geritrician- Helps in evaluation, diagnosis and management of dementia like symptoms. Psychologist- Provides neuropsychological assessment in case mild cognitive disrorder or dementia. Physical therapist- Assist and educates patient and family member in increasing function and mobility (Fraker et al., 2014). 4: To help an older adult having the problem with vision and reading the small print in the newspaper, it is necessary to mark his six medications properly so that he doesn't take wrong medication due to his vision. His six medications may be grouped together according to the time of the day he will have the medicines. Accordingly medications for each time of the day can be separated. Then in the pouch of medication for one time, we can stick stickers or write in bold like morning or lunch or dinner. The old adult can understand by seeing the stickers and take his medication without any confusion. 5: Three community resources for older patients include the following- Adult health care programs- These are licensed community-based health programs providing services to the elderly with chronic diseases, cognitive impairment, and other disabilities. Disease prevention and health promotion programs- These are programs designed to support the older patient in preventing illness and managing their physical condition. These health promotion activities help elderly patients to manage their disease and live an independent life. Community-based adult service: The primary objective of this service is to restore capacity in elderly person to deal with their disabilities and promoting self-care (Tam Tham et al., 2013). Reference Boots, L. M. M., Vugt, M. E., Knippenberg, R. J. M., Kempen, G. I. J. M., Verhey, F. R. J. (2014). A systematic review of Internet based supportive interventions for caregivers of patients with dementia.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,29(4), 331-344. Fraker, J., Kales, H. C., Blazek, M., Kavanagh, J., Gitlin, L. N. (2014). The role of the occupational therapist in the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia in clinical settings.Occupational therapy in health care,28(1), 4-20. Simard, M., van Reekum, R., Cohen, T. (2015). A review of the cognitive and behavioral symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies.The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences. Tam Tham, H., Cepoiu Martin, M., Ronksley, P. E., Maxwell, C. J., Hemmelgarn, B. R. (2013). Dementia case management and risk of long term care placement: a systematic review and meta analysis.International journal of geriatric psychiatry,28(9), 889-902.

A Memorable and Inspiring Example of what To Do

A Memorable and Inspiring Example of what To DoJackie Robinson's Legacy Sample Essay is a wonderful way to honor the achievements of this great player and all the African American sports pioneers who came before him. Many people do not know that Jackie Robinson played baseball in the Negro Leagues. The Negro Leagues is a league of their own and stands apart from the major leagues.Because of the wide range of rules in the Negro Leagues, there were a lot of players who were banned for drug use and the brawling that happening in Major League Baseball. If you have been involved in a fight in a ball game, it can get your banned for life in Major League Baseball. Jackie Robinson and his teammates were a great example of an exemplary and winning team.The National Association was known for its rough playing style and has always been known as the May Bugles. While on the field, these teams were known for fights and big hits. Jackie Robinson's legacy sample essay discusses this and his legenda ry career with the Negro Leagues. This is one example of a sports hero that made the most of what he had and was in control of his career.During the 1940s, Jackie Robinson was on the team that won the World Series and became one of the best players of all time. His legacy sample essay discusses his career and what led him to join a professional baseball team. The reader can understand why Jackie Robinson's decision to become a professional athlete is one of the most admirable and appealing accomplishments in recent history.The Yankees won three championships during the 1940s and the black players on their team became famous around the world for their roles in the World Series victories. The Jackie Robinson legacy sample essay explains how these players moved on to major league careers. This kind of success can lead to opportunities for all African Americans and make them a better person. Jackie Robinson's legacy sample essay contains a wealth of information about a player who used t he talents and skills that he had to make his mark in a sports career. This story explains the difficulties he faced during his early years. Once the ball players in the Negro Leagues understood that they needed to follow certain codes, they became an inspiration for other young players who want to play sports and make their mark in the sport of their choice.The Negro Leagues and the entire industry that is devoted to provide opportunities for African Americans to become professional athletes was greatly impacted by Jackie Robinson. There were no uniforms in those days and the players who joined the teams did so only because they wanted to participate in sports. They made this their passion and the opportunity to become professional athletes was what made the difference. The story of Jackie Robinson and the other players of the Negro Leagues makes a compelling read.To learn more about Jackie Robinson and the legacy sample essay is a great way to prepare for getting into college. The career path of a pro athlete is similar to that of other professionals. Many careers are contingent upon hard work and dedication. The integrity and excellence of Jackie Robinson and his teammates make for an inspiring read and are a great example of what can happen when a person puts their mind to something.

Song for my mother Essay Example

Song for my mother Paper The title of the poem makes its subject clear, a praise song or a eulogy, is a traditional form from many African cultures and is often sung instead of being written down. This poem was written to honour the attributes of the poet’s mother; it is a metaphoric poem written from the child’s perspective, using imagery to describe the powerful emotional relationship she shared with her mother. The poet is grateful and rejoices her mothers presence using the term praise in her poem title whilst referring to her homeland simultaneously. With structure, â€Å"Praise Song for My Mother† is based around the first three stanzas, each of three lines. All of which are very similar in format, although, the rhythm is not carried all the way through. The fourth begins in the same way as the first three but is extended, emphasising the poem’s final line about the daughter’s â€Å"wide futures† and expanding horizons, as if reflecting the way her mother’s care allowed her to develop and move on. â€Å"Praise Song for My Mother† is a free verse, meaning it does not adhere to regular rhyme or rhythm, writing in this way augments the fluidity and the reading of the poem. We will write a custom essay sample on Song for my mother specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Song for my mother specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Song for my mother specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The lack of punctuation means that there is no pause, adding to the flowing pace and has a softer effect and tone on the reader. By not using rhyme and following an unconventional order, the poet creates a sincere and honest atmosphere within the piece. The consistent use of past tense and repetition, for example â€Å"You were† – secures and anchors this poem. It illustrates the certainty and unfailing trust that the poet places in her mother. The repetition is effective in reinforcing the idea of security and sanctuary created by the mother. It also signals to the reader that the poet’s mother has in fact passed away and elucidates the point of view from which it is written – as if the speaker is reminiscing and remembering her childhood, along with the influence of her mother. The first three stanzas end with a line that lists repeatedly three qualities of her mother. The first four stanzas all end with a verb (â€Å"fathoming†//â€Å"mantling†// â€Å"streaming†//â€Å"replenishing†), indicating on going action, that this adoration is constant. Nichols uses plosives, fricatives and dentals (sounds of the words) they are harsh and assertive at times, if linking this to the final line of the poem, it is possible that it hints at the writer harbouring a certain degree of bitterness towards her mother for pushing her to independence; it is clear that she enjoyed being sheltered and protected. â€Å"Water†//â€Å"Moon’s eye†//â€Å"Sunrise† are all examples of the natural references that the poem includes. This could signify a mother’s love being natural, endless and essential to her. By comparing her to various natural and beautiful things, Nichols really captures the sense of awe and admiration she holds for her mother. She describes her as â€Å"water†. Traditionally water symbolizes life, healing and cleansing. She continues to describe her mother as â€Å"deep and bold and fathoming† this only accentuates the emotions and feelings within their relationship, the confidence, courage and bravery (all features of the sea if you perceive it metaphorically), and the quality of understanding that her mother has. Her mother is also said to be the â€Å"moon’s eye† to her, this conveys how she was a guidance to Nichols during her dark moments like the moon only appearing at night. In relation to the previous stanza’s theme of water, the moon is also known to control the tide. If seen in a metaphorical sense, her mother is the moon and Nichols is the tide, being pulled towards her mother for safety and protection as suggests in the line â€Å"pull and grained and mantling†. Her mother became her strength and foundation when she needed her to be. â€Å"Sunrise† could be a metaphor demonstrating the joy and happiness that her mother brought into her life. Sunrise meaning she never set, that she never ended; she was always fresh and new. â€Å"Rise and warm and streaming†, warmth indicates a sense of comfort, rise embodies a subtle power that her mother has and streaming displays a ceaseless love. Evocative words are used to give more strength towards Nichols’ opinion on her mother and expresses how much of a important character she was in her life. And in a way, causes us, as the readers to be able to relate and in turn think of our own relationships with our parents. The fourth stanza is concentrated on food, drawing on Nichols’ Caribbean roots thus giving a more personal insight into the poem. She uses the double verb; â€Å"replenishing replenishing†, because like her natural references; the tide, water or sunrise, her mother is always there. The use of the plural form of â€Å"future† in the final line is significant. What these â€Å"futures† will contain is undefined by the mother; she has faith in her daughter hence the addition of â€Å"wide† showing that the mother knew her daughter would take advantage of all the different opportunities offered to her. And as if her parenting has been about creating possibilities, rather than deciding or controlling her daughter’s future. The main idea of â€Å"Praise Song for My Mother† is that parents – specifically mothers – are a source of nourishment and sustenance for their children, consistently providing them with the necessities in order to flourish and advance. Water, the moon and the sun are all elements that add to the timeless quality created in the relationship between mother and daughter. The keyword within the piece is â€Å"replenishing†, repeated in order to strengthen the reliability of the mother when giving everything her daughter needs to overcome obstacles and life’s numerous challenges. The celebratory and commemorative nature of the poem can be seen in the active and positive language the poet displays. She is praised over and over again for the qualities that she presents to her daughter, when helping her to adulthood. The mother is seen as an inspiration. It is not just a command to â€Å"go to your wide futures† that directs and leads the daughter into maturity but the example that her mother has set. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Other Poets section.

What is the relationship between Organizational structures, culture and theirs factors The WritePass Journal

What is the relationship between Organizational structures, culture and theirs factors Introduction What is the relationship between Organizational structures, culture and theirs factors Introduction  Ã‚   Organizational structures/culture/factorsLeadership styles and organisational theoriesMotivational theories organisationsNature of groups and technologyConclusionsRelated Introduction Organizational Behavior is a field of study that investigates how individuals, groups and structure affect and is affected by behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organization effectiveness. A consciously coordinated social unit composed of two or more people that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goal. An Organization is a structured social system consisting of groups and individuals working together to meet some agreed goals and objectives. An organization is a social organization which controls the goals and objectives of the company. This report is based on the theoretical concept of organizational behavior and how these behaviors will affect the managerial decision making and improve the performance of the organization. Organization behavior helps to learn about yourself and how to deal with others. You’re part of an organization now, and will continue to be a part various organizations. Organizations are increasingly expecting individuals to be able to work in teams, at least some of the time. The main purpose of this report is to critically evaluate all these theories and reasons for studying the organizational behaviour and ways of improving the knowledge on this field. The following questions will discuss some of the important aspect of organizational behaviour.   Ã‚   Organizational structures/culture/factors Organizational Structure is a topic seldom contemplated by most people working in organizational settings. We all go to work every day, go to assigned locations, and perform our jobs - and we don’t ever think about how our organization is arranged. However, Organizational Structure is critical both for a company and its employees. People should think very carefully about the organizational structure of the companies for which they work or of companies for which they intend to work. In the long run, Organizational Structure can spell the difference between success and failure for a company, as well as for the individuals who work there. Comparing organisational structure types involves identifying related objectives of the organisations being compared and then cross-comparing those objectives with the different strategies, policies, and procedures available in accomplishing them. Functional vs. Line organisational structures – functional organisations provide support, assistance, and labour to other departments or other organisations that make an actual product. Line organisations are responsible for making a product. Line-and –staff vs. Network organisational structures – line and staff organisational structure is combination of both a line and functional organisational structure. A network organisational structure outsources procedural tasks and exports manufacturing duties to independent organizations. Network organisations export tasks involved in making products to independent entities, those entities inherit the liability associated with providing services to network organisations. In contrast, bureaucratic organizational structures have product departments that are supervised by the organisation itself. Matrix organizational structures create tailor-made teams to addresses specific problems. Network organizational structures may harness volunteer labour and leverage user-generated problem solving to address a specific issue. Culture consists of the learned patterns of behaviour common to members of a given society the unique lifestyle of a particular group of people. Organisational culture is defined as a complex set of values, beliefs, assumptions, and symbols that define the way which firm conducts its business. Cultural differences and their implications for organisations have been studied by many researchers, but the way culture has been treated as a variable central to the study differs quite considerably. Cultural continuity and coherence between organisations and the society within they operate is the aspect which has to be addressed fully while doing any cross cultural research. The opinion on cultural influence on organizational structure fully represents own point of view. In order to find more general and proved relationships between culture and organisations structure dimensions wide research need to be done. There are some factors which influence individual behaviour at workplace. Demographic factors are socio economic background, education, nationality, race, age, sex, etc. Organisations prefer persons that belong to good socio-economic background, well educated, young etc as they are believed to be performing better than the others. Abilities and skills factors are a physical capacity of an individual to do something can be termed as ability. Skills can be defined as the ability to act in a way that allows a person to perform well. The individual behaviour and performance is highly influenced by ability and skills. Furthermore, Attitude factor can be defined as tendency to respond favourably or unfavourably to certain objects, persons or situations. The employees can perform better in the organisation if they form a positive attitude. The factors such as family, society, culture, peers and organisational factors influence the information of attitude. At last but not least, Personality factor which can be defined as the study of the characteristics and distinctive traits of an individual, the inter-relations between them and the way in which a person responds and adjusts to other people and situations. Leadership styles and organisational theories Research and investigation into different management leadership styles has been fragmented and inconsistent. There are various types of leaderships styles like: Autocratic leadership, Democratic, Bureaucratic, Laissez faire, and Paternalistic. In Autocratic Leadership managers seeks to make as many decisions as possible, they have the most authority and control in decision making, managers seeks to retain responsibility rather than utilise complete delegation. Moreover, managers are less concerned with investing their own leadership development, and prefer to simply work on commanded subordinates. Democratic leadership is the style that promotes the sharing of responsibility, the exercise of delegation and continual consultation. In these leadership managers seeks consultation on all major issues and decisions. Manager effectively delegate tasks to subordinates and give them full control and responsibility for those tasks. The bureaucratic leadership style is concerned with ensuring workers follow rules and procedures accurately and consistently.   Leaders expect employees to display a formal, business-like attitude in the workplace and between each other. Managers gain instant authority with their position, because rules demand that employees pay them certain privileges, such as being able to sign off on all major decisions. As a result, leaders suffer from ‘position power’. Taylor’s scientific management theory developed by Taylor is based on the concept of planning work to achieve efficiency, standardisation, specialisation and simplification. Taylor developed the following four principles of scientific management for improving productivity: Science, not rule-of-thumb  Old rules-of-thumb should be supplanted by a scientific approach to each element of a persons work. Scientific selection of the worker  Organizational members should be selected based on some analysis, and then trained, taught and developed. Management and labour cooperation rather than conflict  Management should collaborate with all organizational members so that all work can be done in conformity with the scientific principles developed. Scientific training of the worker  Workers should be trained by experts, using scientific methods. Another theory which known as Weber’s approach (1947) based the concept of the formal organisation on the following principles: Structure  In the organization, positions should be arranged in a hierarchy, each with a particular, established amount of responsibility and authority. Specialization  Tasks should be distinguished on a functional basis, and then separated according to specialization, each having a separate chain of command. Predictability and stability  The organization should operate according to a system of procedures consisting of formal rules and regulations. Rationality  Recruitment and selection of personnel should be impartial. Administrative theory (Fayol, 1949) relates to accomplishment of tasks, and includes principles of management, the concept of line and staff, committees and functions of management. Division of work or specialization  increases productivity in both technical and managerial work. Authority and responsibility is imperative for an organizational member to accomplish the organizational objectives. Discipline  Members of the organization should honour the objectives of the organization. They should also comply with the rules and regulations of the organizations. Unity of command  means taking orders from and being responsible to only one superior.  Unity of direction  Members of the organization should jointly work toward the same goals. Subordination of individual interest to general interest   interest of the organization should not become subservient to individual interests or the interest of a group of employees. Remuneration of personnel can be based on diverse factors such as time, job, piece rates, and bonuses, profit-sharing or non-financial rewards.  Centralization  Management should use an appropriate blend of both centralization and de-centralization of authority and decision making. Motivational theories organisations There are a number of different views as to what motivates workers. The most commonly held views or theories are discussed below and have been developed over the last 100 years or so. Unfortunately these theories do not all reach the same conclusions! Taylor Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 – 1917) put forward the idea that workers are  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   motivated mainly by pay. His Theory of Scientific Management argued the following: Workers do not naturally enjoy work and so need close supervision and control. Therefore managers should break down production into a series of small tasks. Workers should then be given appropriate training and tools so they can work as efficiently as possible on one set task. Workers are then paid according to the number of items they produce in a set period of time- piece-rate pay. Taylor’s methods were widely adopted as businesses saw the benefits of increased productivity levels and lower unit costs. The most notably advocate was Henry Ford who used them to design the first ever production line, making Ford cars. This was the start of the era of mass production. Taylor’s approach has close links with the concept of an autocratic management style (managers take all the decisions and simply give orders to those below them) and Macgregor’s Theory X approach to workers (workers are viewed as lazy and wish to avoid responsibility). Mayo Elton Mayo (1880 – 1949) believed that workers are not just concerned with money but could be better motivated by having their social needs met whilst at work (something that Taylor ignored). He introduced the Human Relation School of thought, which focused on managers taking more of an interest in the workers, treating them as people who have worthwhile opinions and realising that workers enjoy interacting together. From this Mayo concluded that workers are best motivated by: Better communication  between managers and workers (Hawthorne workers were consulted over the experiments and also had the opportunity to give feedback) Greater manager involvement  in employees working lives (Hawthorne workers responded to the increased level of attention they were receiving) Working in groups or teams  (Hawthorne workers did not previously regularly work in teams) Maslow Abraham Maslow (1908 – 1970) along with Frederick Herzberg (1923-) introduced the Neo-Human Relations School in the 1950’s, which focused on the psychological needs of employees. Maslow put forward a theory that there are five levels of human needs which employees need to have fulfilled at work. All of the needs are structured into a hierarchy (see below) and only once a lower level of need has been fully met, would a worker be motivated by the opportunity of having the next need up in the hierarchy satisfied. For example a person who is dying of hunger will be motivated to achieve a basic wage in order to buy food before worrying about having a secure job contract or the respect of others. A business should therefore offer different incentives to workers in order to help them fulfil each need in turn and progress up the hierarchy (see below). Managers should also recognise that workers are not all motivated in the same way and do not all move up the hierarchy at the same pace. They may therefore have to offer a slightly different set of incentives from worker to worker. Herzberg Frederick Herzberg (1923) had close links with Maslow and believed in a two-factor theory of motivation. He argued that there were certain factors that a business could introduce that would directly motivate employees to work harder (Motivators). However there were also factors that would de-motivate an employee if not present but would not in themselves actually motivate employees to work harder (Hygiene factors) Motivators are more concerned with the actual job itself. For instance how interesting the work is and how much opportunity it gives for extra responsibility, recognition and promotion. Hygiene factors are factors which ‘surround the job’ rather than the job itself. For example a worker will only turn up to work if a business has provided a reasonable level of pay and safe working conditions but these factors will not make him work harder at his job once he is there. Importantly Herzberg viewed pay as a hygiene factor which is in direct contrast to Taylor who viewed pay and piece-rate in particular. Herzberg believed that businesses should motivate employees by adopting a democratic approach to management and by improving the nature and content of the actual job through certain methods. Motivation plays a huge role in any organization or company. The level of motivation can directly affect not only the quality of life but can strengthen or weaken the bottom line. Every manager and or leader should know and work to make sure they keep their employees motivated no matter what place those employees are in their careers. Managers can keep their employees motivated by identifying individual factors that influence behaviour, understanding and applying motivation theories and enacting effective behaviour modification that encourages a higher level of motivation for the individual employee. A motivated workforce can make any company or organization a competitive force. Employees who are motivated usually produce at a higher level, create a better product or service and can be fertile ground for innovative ideas. Nature of groups and technology The term group can be defined as two or more persons interacting and working together for a common purpose. When people work in groups rather than as individuals, the goals of the Organization can be easily achieved. However, working in a group is a complex task. Group dynamics refers to the interactions between the members of a group. A work group of an organization is the main foundation for the social identity of employees in that organization. Hence, performance at work and relationships outside the organization are influenced by the nature of groups in the organization. In this unit, we will discuss the nature and types of groups and the stages in development of groups along with the structure, tasks, and processes of groups. Different types of groups are formed to achieve specific results in organizations. There are three views on the nature of interaction between members of a group or group dynamics. The first view is the normative view, which describes how to carry out activities and organize a group. According to the second view, group dynamics consists of a set of techniques which include brainstorming, role play, team building, sensitivity training, self-managed teams, and transactional analysis. The third view explains group dynamics from the viewpoint of the internal nature of the groups. The formation of groups, structure, processes, and functioning are discussed in this view along with the effect of groups on individuals, other groups, and the complete organization. The use of new technologies can improve and in some cases hider team functioning. As technology changes teams must update and maintain their knowledge in order to function effectively. There are technologies like e-mail, mobile phones, groupware and computers which have improved team functions. E-mail allows asynchronous communication which team members do not be in the same place at the same time in order to communicate effectively. Mobile phones have come a long way from yuppie bricks of the 1980s and there are now more mobile phones in the UK then there are people. Groupware enables teams to plan meetings, collaborate, delegate all within a virtual environment which can often be accessed remotely from anywhere in the world. Computers allow team members to carry out various tasks and communicate more effectively. Laptop computers allow you to do this anywhere. Conclusions According to my opinion company should have use different leadership styles, motivational theories of different theorist or economist, and other organisational behaviour strategies for business operations. Basically, this report describes all these things. Company should critically evaluate all the issues of management which can directly or indirectly affecting the business operations. Many employers now expect employees to understand their own performance and to know how to adapt to meet times of increased workload, stressful situations or conditions of change. Employees are expected to respond well to change. Whilst some employers offer training, it is more typical for employers to expect graduates to arrive ready to manage both their own performance and the performance of other people. Organizational Structure is critical both for a company and its employees. People should think very carefully about the organizational structure of the companies for which they intend to work. In the long run, Organizational Structure can spell the difference between success and failure for a company, as well as for the individuals who work there. Furthermore, culture and organisation’s structure should be interred related with each other. As I mentioned earlier about how culture affects on organisation as well as individual behaviour at work. Evaluation of theories using technologies can helps organisation to improve and growth of company. References a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.bized.co.uk b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.businessballs.com c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.Thestudentroom.co.uk d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Class notes and self knowledge Bibliography a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mr. Brooks (2008), Organisational Behaviour: groups and organisation, 4th edition, Prentice Hall b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Laurie J. Mullins (1995), Organisational Behaviour and Management, 4th revised edition, FT Prentice Hall

Critically evaluate the pedagogical approach(es) evident in the video Essay

Critically evaluate the pedagogical approach(es) evident in the video and suggest additional strategies which could be employed - Essay Example Therefore, a tactic affective for one student may not be useful for another. The video shows a school which has diversity in terms of its students. The students belonged to different cultural and ethnic backgrounds. As the children are in their early years, so if they are treated properly, the element of diversity would serve as a plus point for the school environment. At the same time, if the concept of discrimination is developed at this sensitive stage, the children will hardly learn to respect others throughout their life. Therefore, showing respect towards teachers, parents and the students themselves is an effective tool for training children to live peacefully in an environment. There should be a balance and equality in terms of parameters of respect and honor. If some of the students are given undue favors, it will create intimidating environment for others. While training children in early years to show respect to others, it is very important to train them about how to commu nicate with others. Most of the children have natural hesitation while interacting with a new face other than their family. This hesitation should be removed by making them comfortable in speaking, moving and expressing their feelings. Sometimes, teachers and parents put great focus on making children learn the manners. It is helpful but it can cause the child to become uncomfortable with natural instincts and desires of his age. Therefore, while teaching manners to young children it is very important to understand the needs of their age and let them do what they want to do freely. Do not embarrass them by quoting examples of their activities which you think are stupid. Try to persuade them to follow a certain rule, rather than imposing it. In that case, children become revengeful in future and find a desire to break every rule that tries to mold them. There are certain general issues of students like lack of confidence, hesitation, and reluctance to communicate and to ask questions . Such issues require general solutions applied in specific way. This means that teacher needs to provide this solution individually in addition to creating an environment supporting such solutions. Parents should also observe the special needs of their children and notify about these needs in the school. As it is said that ‘nip the evil in the bud’, so is the case with children; the earlier their issues are resolved, the better they can perform. Proper planning and discussions about the behavior of individual students are helpful both for student and the teacher. For a student, it is useful as he/she would get help in a proper and timely manner. For teacher it is useful as it would indicate that how much the situation has improved. The issue with the planning is that if the teacher becomes too obsessed with the plans, then the results can be reversed. Human beings are the most complex creatures in the world so sometimes you learn by doing. Once you have made a plan, tr y it with the child and see if you both are comfortable with the tactic or nor. If anyone is uncomfortable, do not hesitate in making modifications in your plan. Studies have shown that over formal approaches to teaching young children are counterproductive (Nabuco and Sylva, 1996) and can hinder young children’

Hillary R. Clinton for President in 2016 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hillary R. Clinton for President in 2016 - Essay Example In a democratic country, the citizens in a process of free and fair elections elect the government. In every four-year cycle, the USA holds its presidential elections. The current USA President a Democrat, Barrack Obama, is successfully coming to the end of his tenure. According to the Twenty-second Amendment to the USA Constitution, a president can only serve a maximum of two terms. Therefore, President Barack Obama will not be seeking re-election. Bearing this in mind the Democratic Party has received a number of potential candidates who are seeking to run for the presidency on its ticket. Hillary Rodham Clinton name is among the list of potential Democratic Party candidates who have expressed their interests (Stern). Hillary Clinton has a wealth of experience in the public life and politics. Her experience in public life had begun long before she was the First Lady of the USA from 1993 to 2001. She attended Wellesley College in 1965 where she was majoring in political science. In her first year at the College, she was elected the president of the Wellesley Young Republicans. It was her first public office among the many that she would later hold. She earned her law degree from Yale Law School. Hillary Clinton got married in 1975during a private ceremony to Bill Clinton. Her life in Arkansas was busy as she joined Rose Law Firm and going up its ranks to make partner (Carl). She was further thrust into the public limelight in 1978 when her husband, Bill Clinton, was elected the Governor of Arkansas. Being a first lady kept her engaged and busy for the next 12 years. She was juggling her duties as Arkansas’ First Lady, a mother, and serving on the boards of different corporations. She was th rust into the political light in 1993 when she became USA’s First Lady. Hillary Clinton has over 12 years’ experience in politics serving in different capacities. For