The Marketing Strategy of Apple - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4481 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Case study Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction The on-going technological advancements in the electronic devices industry make it very competitive (DeGusta, 2012). Companies, therefore, need to be very strategic in their marketing activities. Being among the market leaders in such an industry, Apple lays the emphasis of its strategy on innovation (Lyons, 2010). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Marketing Strategy of Apple" essay for you Create order While it has the advantages of its strong financial position (Johnson et al., 2012), brand name (OReilly, 2014a) and excellent data access manager (Webster, 1991), it also has the disadvantages of changing management (Myslewski, 2013) and ineffective use of the cloud (Frommer, 2011). In the external environment, its loyal customer base (Elmer-DeWitt, 2012) and the growing use of smartphones (Gibbs, 2014) may prove to be beneficial for the company, while it may need to beware of the competitive rivalry arising out of technological advancements (DeGusta, 2012), impact of uncertain economic conditions (Reardon, 2009) and pressure from regulatory bodies (Kaynak and Jain, 2012). Based on its concept of differentiation (Nielson, 2014a), it designs and implements its strategies which form the marketing mix. Apple management thus needs to consider the different viewpoints about its strategies in its decision making process. Situational Analysis Strengths Apple leads the worldwide capital market, which makes its strong financial position its valuable asset (Johnson et al., 2012). The closing financial statement of Apple in December 2014 reported a net income which was the largest in the history of public limited companies (Bradshaw and Platt, 2015), making its cash in hand the highest as well (Yoffie and Rossano, 2012). Another advantage that Apple enjoys is its operating system with data access manager, which is superior to that of Windows (Webster, 1991). The $118.9bn brand name of the company is also a strategic strength as it tops the list of the worlds most valuable brands (OReilly, 2014a). Weaknesses Apple experienced the greatest loss in its history in 2011 when Steve Jobs, the genius mind behind Apples innovation, creativity and success passed away (Griggs, 2011). After his death the Chief Operating Officer Tim Cook took over as the CEO of the company (AppleInsider, 2011). This change in management turned out to be a major weakness as Tim is skilled in operational excellence, while Apple is famous for its innovation (Myslewski, 2013). This weakness was most significantly portrayed with the failure in customer experience from the newly launched iPhone5, when complaints were registered about scratches on the phones, spotty maps app replacing Google Maps, leaking light and screen issues (Gross, 2012). Moreover, Apple also has not been able to make effective use of the cloud; it bragged about the iPad 2 as being a Post-PC devise, whereas it still needed to be connected to a computer to access or transfer files (Frommer, 2011: 1). Opportunities One of the greatest opportunities Apple has in the market is its strong customer base; its customers are more seen like followers of the company. The strategy that Apple may follow is to keep the customers happy and their willingness to pay a premium price will increase (Anon., 2014). In a survey conducted, about 94% of the iOS users stated that they will only consider Apple when buying their new tablet or smartphone (Elmer-DeWitt, 2012). Farber (2013) argues that Google and Microsoft have the potential to manufacture the finest quality products on which Apple boasts, but they lack the potential to manufacture the long queues of people waiting in anticipation of buying their new iPad or iPhone. Smartphone has replaced many devices which people used to carry; watch, pocket calculator, camera and walkman are just a few examples (Gibbs, 2014). This fact creates opportunities for smartphone companies to come up with more innovative applications and features which would be well accepted and used by customers. Threats The rapid advancement in technology can be seen as a threat for Apple as all the competing organisations are always in the look-out for options to progress. Research suggests that the use of smartphones has increased like no other technological device (DeGusta, 2012). This automatically puts a pressure on the electronic gadgets producers to be a step ahead of the competition at all times. The unpredictable economic situations also pose to be a threat to electronic device producers like Apple (Reardon, 2009). During the financial crisis, the unemployment levels were high and because of lowering disposable incomes of consumers, luxury items like electronic gadgets were among the first items to be removed from their budget lists, thus shrinking the market for smartphones, tablets etc. (Fawzy and Dworski, 2011). Many smartphone companies are now approaching developing countries to carry out their manufacturing process in anticipation of hiring low-wage workers (Chu, 2014). As a result, there may be a threat of increased pressure from regulatory bodies and social groups regarding the working environment in factories, which may eat up the high profit margins generated by this strategy (Kaynak and Jain, 2012). Understanding Customers Some experts believe that if one understands the customers of a brand, he almost understands the brand itself (Clifton, 2009). Some companies like to associate the personality of their brand with the user characteristics, while there are others who would associate the elements of their brand personality with that of their spokesperson (Brengman and Willems, 2009). Apple seems to use the former strategy as it serves its socioeconomically elite customers by elite devices (MetaFacts, 2009: 1). Research suggests that Apple owners are economically more sound that those without Apple devices (MetaFacts, 2009 Appendix Graph 1). Unique Selling Proposition The differentiated products of Apple are a source of its competitive advantage (Johnson et al., 2012). Lyons (2010) argues that no company has a better spirit of innovation than Apple. In such a highly competitive market, it is able to ensure that no other company is able to imitate its unique capabilities (Terwiesch and Ulrich, 2013). Although Sony is also able to produce high-tech products, the design and integration of Apple are still not easy to replicate (Rothaermel, 2013). Hestad (2013) identifies the level of intricacy that is taken care of while designing Apple products; even the white colour of the iPod was finalised with the mutual consent of the chief designer Jonathan and Steve Jobs himself. Furthermore, other companies are trying to catch up to Apples vertical integration system, but they find it difficult to do so because Apple owns just the right chip manufacturers, standards and controls, whereby all its devices sync easily with each other (Nielson, 2014b). Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning The market for smartphone is growing at a fast pace (Visions, 2012), which depicts how important it has become for people where they cannot imagine their lives without their phone (Duerson, 2012). There are different views and ongoing debates about Apples target market. There is some evidence about Apple focussing on the tech-savvy youth, mostly students (Appleyard, 2008), however, Apple devices are also widely used by affluent business professionals for their work (Apple Inc., 2015a). Considering the media habits of Apple customers, research suggests that they prefer reading Big Guardian or Grazia and spare about 1-5 hours watching TV per week (OReilly, 2014b). They are also seen as being status and brand conscious (OMurchu, 2015). Because its competitive advantage lies in its design, Apples most loyal customers include graphics designers, editors, artists and digital video producers (Franzen and Moriarty, 2015). Carmi Levi, the VP of marketing at a multinational agency, believ es that the marketing of Apple creates a differentiating factor by positioning it as a solutions company, as opposed to a tech company (OMurchu, 2015). Its easy-to-use technology and user-friendly nature goes with the tagline it introduced for Macintosh: The computer for the rest of us (Gartenberg, 2010: 1). The brand position has evolved throughout its journey, but Apple management claims that the brand promise is still the same (Marketing Minds, 2015). However there are controversies about this statement after the documentary Apples broken promises by BBC Panorama (Thomas, 2014: 1). The Marketing Mix Product The strategy Apple follows is to create the best product which generates a better user experience with every new launch, which is why their focus is not on producing products needed by customers, but desired by them (Bulik, 2008). Simplicity and intuitiveness are the two major characteristics of its products (DeMers, 2014: 2). The Mac Computer was the first launch by Apple, which was then considered overpriced and was perceived to be targeting only a niche market (Wouters, 2014). The company outstood in the industry for the first time after launching its portable music player, the iPod (Khan, Alam and Alam, 2015). The other products by the company namely the iPhone, iPad and Apple TV further strengthened the company and helped build its brand image (Bulik, 2008). While Apples management states that its product strategy revolves around peoples feelings of excitement and pride have when they own Apple products (M2 Presswire, 1998), there are criticisms about its strategy, pointed specifically at the Apple Watch. Critics state that Apple has lost its focus after this launch, as watches have nothing to do with the smartphone or tablet business (Benzinga, 2014). On the other hand, supporters of the Apple Watch think it is a great innovative step, whereby the concept of smartwatches will be introduced in the mass market. It is also considered to be ideal for software developers, who can create innovative apps by using it (Bajarin, 2014). Promotion Apple also incorporates its concept of simplicity in its promotion, as it believes that flashy messages, giving too much information are too mainstream and not appreciated by the people (DeMers, 2014). It therefore prefers a simple white background in its commercials with light, catchy music (Wouters, 2014). The communication messages revolve around the emotions aroused by the brand; these include ones desire and dreams, hopes for the future and urge to be socially superior (Azzawi and Ezeh, 2012). At the time when iPod was launched, Jobs realised that a conventional form of advertising was required in order to inform the customers about its features. It revolved around the brands social acceptability concept, whereby owners would feel proud of owning such a devise (Marketing Minds, 2015). On the other hand, Apples promotional alliance in UK and Germany was greatly criticised with assertions that it had probably lost other means of promotion. Through this alliance, Coke was to l ink its website with that of iTunes and millions of free downloads were offered to music lovers on purchase of Coke bottles (Ward, 2006). Price Due to its differentiated products, Apple focusses on premium pricing strategy (Nielson, 2014a). It gives the company an advantage, whereby it does not have to get into price wars with competing organisations. Steve Jobs strategised to give higher priority to profits instead of market share, which resulted in production of high-end products and pricing them accordingly (Nielson, 2014a). Wouters (2014) stresses that Apple has never competed on price, and because of its brand recognition created over time, customers are willing to pay the higher price it charges. Critics argue that Apple will soon face challenges related to its pricing strategy as other companies may give it a tough competition through their low-priced products (Nielson, 2014a). An example is the case of iPads; research indicates that most of iPad users are not very loyal Apple customers and they may switch to tablets from other companies if they get them at cheaper prices (Anon., 2010b). It is therefore predicted that due to its premium pricing approach, Apple may lose the tablet market to competitors (Anon., 2010b). Chulkov and Nizovtsev (2014) further strengthen the argument by using the iPhone example. After two months of the launch, the company abruptly reduced the price by $200, which resulted in the loss of confidence of the early adopters, who had waited in long queues at the launch time to buy their iPhones. Due to this price change, Apples share price also dropped and some analysts predicted that the company would not be able to keep up with the competition if it continues with the same pricing strategy (Wingfield, 2007). Place and Distribution Strategy By introducing its own retail outlets and online store along with dealership with other mobile stores, Apples approach was to adopt a hybrid distribution strategy (Wouters, 2014). In 2002, there were concerns about the customer service provided by small-scale dealers of technology devices and since Apple did not want its image to be jeopardised, it reduced its number of small-scale dealers to only 1% (Viardot, 2004). Apples strong supply chain can be considered as one of the reasons behind its success because outsourcing is also done strategically (SupplyChain 24/7, 2015). It relies on many suppliers all over the world for the same raw materials, so that if one company is not able to provide the material on time, another one can help to keep up with the rising demand (SupplyChain 24/7, 2015). There are, however, allegations about ethical dealing regarding Apples Supply chain as portrayed in the documentary by BBC Panorama, which shows that Apple factories are provided in from da ngerous and illegal mines (Thomas, 2014). Although Apple management did claim that those accusations were false (BBC News, 2014), there is no source to prove the truth of those statements as yet. People According to Borison (2014), Apple takes pride in its workers who become a source of inspiration for their peers and customers. This example was set forward by Steve Jobs himself, who was said to be the most influential figure in the top 100 list by the MediaGuardian (Anon., 2010a). Employees at Apple state that they feel great about being a catalyst to change because of working in an organisation that emphasises on innovation (Hughes, 2010). Apple claims to provide the best employee working conditions in the technology industry (Nuttall, 2012), however, the investigation by BBC Panorama portrayed long working hours, poor living conditions and intimidating work culture in factories where Apple products were manufactured (Thomas, 2014). In the same documentary, there were also concerns revealed about the suicides at another factory supplying Apple products. Process The strategy behind production of Apples innovative devices remains mysterious as it is mostly considered as a secret recipe (Panzarino, 2012). All of the devices undergo standard process guidelines set by the company, which include product design, testing, polishing, packaging etc. (Satariano, 2013). Initially there is an idea generation stage, after which a dummy device is created which is tested and after being reviewed by the team of experts, a standard process is devised for its production (Elmansy, 2014). Analysing Apples design and creative strategy, one may say that it is not an abrupt plan to invent novel solutions, but it takes an excellent team work, driven by enthusiasm (Elmansy, 2014). Physical Evidence According to Gmoser (2014), all the space in an Apple retail store is designed in such an attractive way that it interests people to buy their devices. Singh, Katiyar and Verma (2014) emphasise the importance of store layout and design in creating great customer experience, which helps in translating the desire to a final purchase decision. Due to this reason, the store design strategy was slightly tweaked for Apple Watch. While Apple Stores are normally seen without carpeted floors, the specific design for Apple watches included carpeting on the floor because the store designers overheard a conversation between some customers mentioning that they would not be likely to buy a watch from a carpet-less store (Hughes, 2015). Relationship Marketing According to Kotler and Keller (2012), exceptional value creation by organisations does not only result in customer satisfaction, but is raised to the level of customer delight. It is perhaps this customer delight which Apple intends to create through its enhanced user experience (Johnson et al., 2012). The iPad has a CRM tool specifically designed for business users who would need to have customer information such as meeting with clients and the like. This imparts that Apple is not only concerned about understanding its own customers, but it is also thoughtful about coming up with a better solutions whereby they can also deal well with their customers (Apple Inc., 2011). According to Temkin Experience Ratings 2015, Apple is ranked the highest along with Amazon in providing valuable customer experience (Close-Up, 2015). It goes so deep into delivering exceptional value to its customers that it organized a training session, whereby Mac users were given an opportunity to learn differ ent functions of the computer in which they had problems. It was led by expert tutors who ensured that the customer experience was worth the effort and the money they were paying for it (Boudreau, 2008). Sustainability Apple claims to be involved in responsible management practices to benefit the environment (MH, 2015). The management plans to employ renewable energy to run its operations worldwide, introducing a new product packaging made from virgin paper (MH, 2015). In order to create such types of forests from which virgin paper would be prepared, Apple formed a partnership with the Conservation Fund (Apple Inc., 2015b). A 2014 report indicates that Apple tops the technology companies list as being most environmental friendly, as it is the only organisation which avoids usage of detrimental chemicals in all its products, thus protecting human health (Ritchie, 2014). Apple also has regulations for its suppliers to be environmentally responsible. On the contrary, the BBC Panorama investigation depicted that Apple suppliers owned mining ships which endangered the marine life and the environment (Thomas, 2014). Where analysts criticise Apples aggressive strategies of high-scale production to stay ahead of competition as being hazardous to the environment (Bradshaw and Platt, 2015), Apple claims to have preventive measures to support its high-scale production by using energy obtained from cleaner sources to protect the environment (Apple Inc., 2015b). Conclusion Like every company, Apple also plans its strategies and implements them considering its own perspective. In the environment, however, there are different views about understanding the initiatives taken by the company. Positive aspects of these opinions will further strengthen Apple as a brand, however, the negative opinions need to be tactfully handled, as they may do serious harm to the company. Critical evaluation of each aspect of their marketing strategy would make them sustain their strengths and overcome their weaknesses. References Anon. (2010a). DIGITAL: Apple Reveals its Core Strength Against Nokia. Music Week, pp. 10. Anon. (2010b). Strategy Analytics Says Apples iPad Faces Pricing Challenge. Entertainment Close Up. 9th December. Anon. (2014). Apple Keeps Customers Happy And Paying a Little More Each Year. The Guardian. 14th September [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/14/apple-customers-happy-paying-more-each-year-iphone-6 AppleInsider (2011). Steve Jobs Resigns as Apple CEO, Tim Cook Takes Over. [Online] Available at: https://appleinsider.com/articles/11/08/24/steve_jobs_resigns_as_apple_ceo Appleyard, D. (2008). Profile of an iPhone User: Interesting Statistics about Yourself. [Online] Available at: https://gigaom.com/2008/11/24/profile-of-an-iphone-user-interesting-statistics-about-yourself Apple Inc. (2011). iPad at Work: Customer Relationship Management. [Online] Available at: https://www.apple.com/hk/ipad/business/ipad-at-work/docs/iPad_at_Work_CR M.pdf Apple Inc. (2015a). Great Things are happening in Enterprise. [Online] Available at: https://www.apple.com/uk/ipad/business Apple Inc. (2015b). Environmental Responsibility. [Online] Available at: https://www.apple.com/uk/environment Azzawi, M.A., and Ezeh, M.A. (2012). Students Brand Preferences between Apple and Samsung Smartphone. Masters Thesis, Malardalen University Eskilstuna Vasteras. Bajarin, T. (2014). Understanding Apples Watch Strategy. PCmag.com. 15th September. BBC News (2014). Apple Deeply Offended by BBC Investigation. [Online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-30548468 Benzinga (2014). Apples Reactive Strategy Led to New Hires, Not New Products. Phils Stock World, Newstex. 12th July. Borison, R. (2014). Meet the Apple Store Specialist who Embodies the Best Characteristics of Apple. Business Insider. 12th August. [Online] Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com/meet-the-apple-store-specialist-who-embodies-apple-2014- 8?IR=T Boudreau, J. (2008). Personal Training Creates Bonding Experience for Apple Customers. Oakland Tribune. 10th March. Bradshaw, T., and Platt, E. (2015). Apple Reports Largest Profit in History. Financial Times. 27th January. [Online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b3bb354a-a666-11e4-89e5-00144feab7de.html#axzz3ewDHDFjD Brengman, M., and Willems, K. (2009). Determinants of Fashion Store Personality: A Consumer Perspective. Journal of Product Brand Management, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 346-355. Bulik, B.S. (2008). Apple. Advertising Age, Vol. 79, No. 39, pp. 29. Chu, S. (2014). Is your Smartphone Created by Slave Labor? Among Major Tech Companies, Only Nokia can Prove its Factory Workers are Paid a Living Wage. iDigitalTimes. 22nd May. [Online] Available at: https://www.idigitaltimes.com/your-smartphone-created-slave-labor-among-major-tech-companies-only-nokia-can-prove-its-factory Clifton, R. (2009). Brands and Branding. Second Edition. Canada: Bloomberg Press. DeGusta, M. (2012). Are Smart Phones Spreading Faster than any Technology in Human History? MIT Technology Review. 9th May. [Online] Available at: https://www.technologyreview.com/news/427787/are-smart-phones-spreading-faster-than-any-technology-in-human-history DeMers, J. (2014). Heres a Simple Secret to Apples Marketing Success. Forbes. 7th August. [Online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jaysondemers/2014/07/08/heres-the-simple-secret-to-apples-marketing-success Chulkov, D., and Nizovtsev, D. (2014). Economics of Apple iPhone: Price Discrimination or Price Error? Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 49. Close-Up Media Inc. (2015). Amazon and Apple get Top Customer Experience Ratings for Computers and Tablets from Temkin Group. Entertainment Close-Up. 21st March. Duerson, M.H. (2012). Were addicted to Our Phones: 84% Worldwide Say they couldnt go a Single Day Without their Mobile Device in their Hand. New York Daily News. 16th August. [Online] Available at: https://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/addicted-phones-84-worldwide-couldn-single-day-mobile-device-hand-article-1.1137811 Elmancy, R. (2014). How Does Apples Design Process Work? Designorate. 26th November. [Online] Available at: https://www.designorate.com/how-does-apples-design-process-work Elmer-DeWitt, P. (2012). Goldman Sachs Puts the Value of Apples iPhone and iPad Customer Base at Nearly $295 Billion. Fortune. 29th June. [Online] Available at: https://fortune.com/2012/06/29/goldman-sachs-puts-the-value-of-apples-iphone-and-ipad-customer-base-at-nearly-295-billion Farber, D. (2013). Rivals can Imitate Apples Product Strategy but not Gold Fever. CNET. 21st September. [Online] Available at: https://www.cnet.com/uk/news/rivals-can-imitate-apples-product-strategy-but-not-gold-fever Fawzy, L., and Dworski, L. (2011). Emerging Business Online: Global Markets and the Power of B2B Internet Marketing. USA: Pearson Education, Inc. Franzen, G., and Moriarty, S.E. (2015). The Science and Art of Branding. Routledge. Frommer, D. (2011). Apples Three Biggest Weaknesses. CNN International Edition. 7th April. [Online] Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2011/TECH/innovation/04/07/apple.weakness Gartenberg, M. (2010). Now Apples really For the Rest of Us. Macworld. 23rd June. [Online] Available at: https://www.macworld.com/article/1152223/gartenberg_restofus.html Gibbs, S. (2014). From Cameras to Keycards, Everyday Devices killed off by the Smartphone. The Guardian. 4th August. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/aug/04/cameras-keycards-everyday-devices-killed-off-by-the-smartphone-gadgets Gmoser, J. (2014). How Every Square Foot of an Apple Store is designed to make you Spend More Money. Business Insider UK. 2nd September. [Online] Available at: https://uk.businessinsider.com/apple-store-layout-makes-you-spend-2014-9 Griggs, B. (2011). Steve Jobs, Apple Founder , Dies. CNN International Edition. 6th October. [Online] Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/05/us/obit-steve-jobs Gross, D. (2012). Five User Complaints about iPhone 5. CNN International Edition. 26th September. [Online] Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/26/tech/mobile/iphone-5-complaints/index.html Hestad, M. (2013). Branding and Product Design: An Integrated Perspective. Gower Publishing, Ltd. Hughes, N. (2010). Former Employees Shed Light on Apples Internal Corporate Culture. AppleInsider. 7th July. [Online] Available at: https://appleinsider.com/articles/10/07/07/former_employees_shed_light_on_apples_internal_corporate_culture Hughes, N. (2015). John Ive Angela Ahrendts Collaborating on an Apple Store Redesign to Better Showcase Apple Watch. Apple Insider. 16th February [Online] Available at: https://appleinsider.com/articles/15/02/16/jony-ive-angela-ahrendts-collaborating-on-an-apple-store-redesign-to-better-showcase-apple-watch Johnson, K ., Li, Y., Phan, H., Singer, J., and Trinh, H. (2012). The Innovative Success that is Apple, Inc. Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Paper 418. Kaynak, E., and Jain, S.C. (2012). Market Evolution in Developing Countries: The Unfolding of the Indian Market. USA: Routledge. Khan, U.A., Alam, M.N., and Alam, S. (2015). A Critical Analysis of Internal and External Environment of Apple Inc. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 955-967. Kotler, P., and Keller, K.L. (2012). Marketing Management. 14th Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Lyons, D. (2010). Apples Shuffle: No One Innovates Better. Newsweek, Vol. 156, No. 11. M2 Presswire (1998). APPLE COMPUTER: Apple Unveils New Product Strategy. M2 Communications LTD. 8th May. Marketing Minds (2015). Apples Branding Strategy. [Online] Available at: https://www.marketingminds.com.au/apple_branding_strategy.html MetaFacts (2009). Just how Different and Elite are Apple Cu stomers Socioeconomically, Behaviorally, and Attitudinally? [Online] Available at: https://technologyuser.com/2009/04/05/just-how-different-and-elite-are-apple-customers-socioeconomically-behaviorally-and-attitudinally MH, L.S. (2015). Apple Aims for More Sustainable Supply Chain. Material Handling Logistics. 13th May. Myslewski, R. (2013). Two Years after Steve Jobs Death, Hows that New CEO Working Out? [Online] Available at: https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/10/05/tim_cook_and_apple_two_years_after_steve_jobs_death Nielson, S. (2014a). Apples Premium Pricing Strategy and Product Differentiation. Must Know: An Investors Essential Guide to Apple. [Online] Available at: https://www.yahoo.com/tech/s/apple-premium-pricing-strategy-product-191247308.html Nielson, S. (2014b). Why Apples Ecosystem is its Biggest Competitive Advantage. Must Know: An Investors Essential Guide to Apple. [Online] Available at: https://marketrealist.com/2014/01/apple Nuttall, C. (2012). Apple Chief Defends Factory Conditions. Financial Times. 14th February [Online] Available at: https://www.ft.com OMurchu, L.F. (2015). Why People Pick Team Apple Versus Team Android. CNBC LLC. 19th January. [Online] Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/id OReilly, L. (2014a). The 20 Most Valuable Brands in the World. Business Insider UK. 21st May. [Online] Available at: https://uk.businessinsider.com/apple-most-valuable-brand-on-interbrand-2014-rankings-2014-10 OReilly, L. (2014b). The Food Preferences that Differentiate Apple and Android Users. Business Insider UK. 17th November. [Online] Available at: https://uk.businessinsider.com/apple-users-vs-android-users-according-to-yougov-profiles-2014-11 Panzarino, M. (2012). This is How Apples Top Secret Product Development Process Works. TNW News. 24th January. [Online] Available at: https://thenextweb.com/apple/2012/01/24/this-is-how-apples-top-secret-product-development-process-works Reardon, M. (2009). Recession Hits Mobile-P hone Market. CNET. 22nd January. [Online] Available at: https://www.cnet.com/uk/news/recession-hits-mobile-phone-market Ritchie, H. (2014). Apple Voted Greenest Gadget Company in New Greenpeace Report. [Online] Available at: https://www.sustainablebrands.com/news_and_views/cleantech/hannah_ritchie/apple_voted_greenest_gadget_company_new_greenpeace_report Rothaermel, F.T. (2013). Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. McGraw-Hill Companies. Satariano, A. (2013). Apple Dives Deeper into Designing and Inventing Tech for Manufacturing Process. The Washington Post. 22nd November. [Online] Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/apple-dives-deeper-into-designing-and-inventing-tech-for-manufacturing-process/2013/11/21/039a48d6-4e47-11e3-9890-a1e0997fb0c0_story.html Singh, P., Katiyar, N., and Verma, G. (2014). Retail Shoppability: The Impact of Store Atmospherics Store Layout on Consumer Buying Patterns. International Journal of Scientific Technology Research , Vol. 3, No. 8, pp. 15-23. SupplyChain 24/7 (2015). Apple Watch Shows Value of Strong Supply Chains and Opportunity in Disruption. [Online] Available at: https://www.supplychain247.com/article/apple_watch_shows_value_of_strong_supply_chains Terwiesch, C., and Ulrich, K. (2013). Innovative Tournaments: Creating and Selecting Exceptional Opportunities. USA: Harvard Business Press. Thomas, C. (2014). Apples Broken Promises. BBC News. 18th December [Online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04vs348 Viardot, E. (2004). Successful Marketing Strategy for High-Tech Firms. Third Edition. Norwood: Artech House. Visions (2012). The Growing Importance of Smart Phones. [Online] Available at: https://www.visionsfirst.com/pdfs/35f4ff287f104ddabf93a5b63710ac87_dec-jan_idea_file.pdf Webster, J. (1991). Apples Future may Rest in Relying on its Strengths. Computerworld, Vol. 25, No. 13, pp. 37. Ward, A. (2006). Coke Allies with Apple for iTunes Promotion. Financial Times. 1st August. [Online] Available at: https://www.ft.com Wingfield, N. (2007). Apple Price Cut on New iPhone Shakes Investors. The Wall Street Journal. [Online] Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118900567113618144 Wouters, A. (2014). Apple Google: A Comparative Analysis of Marketing Approaches and Strategies. Czech Journal of Social Sciences, Business and Economics, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 31-43. Yoffie, D.B., and Rossano, P. (2012). Apple Inc. in 2012. Harvard Business School Case 712-490. [Online] Available at: https://www.academia.edu/6804251/Apple_Inc._in_2012 Appendix Graph 1 Source: (MetaFacts, 2009: 1).