E-Commerce and Intellectual Property Essay Example for Free

E-Commerce and Intellectual Property Essay Introduction E-commerce is defined by the UNCITRAL as   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Transactions in international trade are carried out by means of electronic data interchange and other means of communication commonly referred to as electronic commerce, which involve the use of alternatives to paper-based forms of communication and storage of information†. The rapid expansion of e-commerce is forcing countries to look again at how to regulate trade and intellectual property. The amazing development of telecommunication devices and means, and of computers and related services, has made all these services and products available to a very large number of people in the world. In highly-developed countries, the use of computers has been highly promoted, and it is normal to find people who are fully familiarized with computers and who are used to dealing with computer technologies such as the Internet. Relying On Private Agreements At the present time, the development of e-commerce has several barriers, such as the lack of security for electronic transactions, and the low purchasing power of a large part of the population, most of whom do not have credit cards. Also, people prefer to buy goods from real shops rather than from virtual shops due to the lack of security in electronic transactions and the increased problems relating to the falsification of credit cards, signatures and mail theft among others. First of all, to login to an information network, people use several programs and devices to retrieve information. People use computers, modems, switchboards, communication devices, routers, hubs, etc, and each one of these products may be the subject of a patent or a copyright, and whenever there is an intellectual property right involved, there is the possibility of an infringement. Secondly, a great deal of information is published in the Internet, and all this information is exposed to misuse. Probably, one of the most frequent practices on the Internet is that users take parts of web pages and copy them onto their computers; from then on, they are able to use, reproduce and modify the retrieved information to the extent they wish. This may infringe intellectual property rights such as trade marks, trade names, slogans or copyrights. Protection under the IP law Legislation modifications should be focused on trade laws and even more on international trade laws. The intellectual property laws are reasonably prepared to handle the boom of e-commerce activities in the forthcoming years, with provisions that offer the means to protect all intellectual property rights. Probably, the recent creation of the so-called â€Å"domain name† is the reason why it has not been included yet in most intellectual property laws. But, even in some countries, policies have been created for the registration of domain names and if necessary, procedures for cancellation of registration in cases of infringement of intellectual property rights. More often than not, one of the most valuable assets in e-commerce and the largest potential source of future income is the information database created across time in the joint venture. Unfortunately, some e-commerce proposals do not even mention this. But if the information-gathering activity is not mentioned, the possibility of failure persists, to negotiate the legal rights to that information and the income it generates. Enhancing the upside of e-commerce takes careful contract analysis and planning. E-commerce, in general, and strategic online partnerships in particular, are continuing to emerge and evolve in ways that are increasingly attractive to associations and their members. But at the same time that associations are realizing the benefits of such relationships, certain new legal developments require careful analysis to ensure that the association avoids potential legal and financial risk associated with its online activity. Unfortunately, the legal environment does not yet have much legal precedent on which lawyers and their clients may rely. At the same time, new legal developments are emerging. These realities pose tough challenges with regard to minimizing the associations legal risks while maximizing its economic rewards. Consequently, forging the effective low-risk partnerships desired will be nearly impossible to do solely. Rather, the associations legal counsel will need to pay particular attention to the details of the online partnerships the organization may consideras well as the contracts that define them. New Legal Developments Three of many developments complicating e-commerce legal analysis are the case of United Cancer Council; the Intermediate Sanctions portion of the Internal Revenue Code; and the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act, which is currently being introduced in all state legislatures for enactment. United Cancer Council UCC is a spin-off of the American Cancer Society. The IRS retroactively revoked UCCs federal income tax exemption for its long-term contract in a joint venture with a for-profit company. In short, UCC lost in the U.S. Tax Court, won a reversal and new trial on appeal, and recently settled with the IRS before the second tax court trial. Based on my experience as one of the UCC lawyers at the tax court trial and on my observations of the interactions of IRS lawyers at that time, it is firmly believed the IRS will now apply its UCC positions to e-commerce ventures of nonprofit organizations. The IRS positions that emerged from this case should raise a red flag for associations when it comes to the planning and development of their own online joint ventures. In essence, associations must scrutinize arrangements in which †¢ There is too much contractual control of the venture by the for-profit; †¢ Funds belonging to the nonprofit flow to the benefit of the for-profit company; †¢ Too small a portion of joint venture proceeds are obtained by the nonprofit; †¢ Too large a portion of the joint venture proceeds are obtained by the for-profit; †¢ The contract term is too long (e.g., five years); and/or †¢ Insufficient competition exists in the selection of the for-profit company. Intermediate sanctions Intermediate sanctions, part of the Internal Revenue Code, tax individuals, not organizations. While intermediate sanctions most often tax employees and volunteers associated with a 501(c)(3) or 501(c)(4) organizationor with an affiliate or foundation that has such status even if the organization does notother individuals also may be taxed . Typically, this might include outsiders who have substantial influence over excess benefit and revenue-sharing transactions. For example, suppose an associations chief executive officer or one of its department directors negotiates a contract with a for-profit company for a joint venture through which the company earns $1 million. If the IRS determines that the outside company had substantial influence over the actions of the association in this venture, such that under normal circumstances the companys earnings would have been only $800,000, then the excess benefit to the outside companyin this case $200,000is the amount to which the tax applies. The good news is that in this scenario the association is not taxed. The bad news is that the association CEO or department director may well be. While the outside company may be taxed at 25 percent of the excess benefit, for instance, the association staff members involved in negotiating the contract may be taxed at 10 percent of the excess benefit. Additionally, the tax applies for every year during which the challenged transaction remains uncorrected. In this particular scenario, that could mean that after four years the outside company may be taxed at 100 percent and the association staff members involved may be taxed at 40 percent. How, then, can association staff and volunteers be certain that the organization develops and negotiates joint-venture agreements in ways that wont expose them to intermediate sanctions? Heeding the bulleted points listed within the UCC section earlier in this article is a good start. In addition, individuals may get the benefit of a presumption of reasonableness if disinterested directors approve the transaction, and use comparability data, and document their work. Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act UCITA is the first federal law covering transactions involving computer information, and most often this will include e-commerce transactions. Virginia and Maryland have already passed UCITA, and many other states will do so by the end of 2001. Since UCITA is widely regarded as a vendor-oriented statute, participants in transactions covered by the actsuch as an association contracting for a new Web site or other online ventureswill face a greater need for up-front legal planning. At least part of this initial planning must include determining what changes to make to ensure effective warranty and liability provisions for the association, since guidelines provided by older laws will no longer apply. Careful analysis during early planning of the online venture will be all the more important because UCITA has its own list of mandatory, non-negotiable provisions. Related rulings In addition to UCC, intermediate sanctions, and UCITA, recent court cases have addressed taxation of royalty income from activities such as traditional affinity programs that have migrated online and electronic publishing and database ventures. The good news is that the courts have sided with associations claiming tax-free royalties. The bad news is that achieving that result without careful legal planning and drafting remains as tough as ever. Likewise, the IRS recently reissued its regulations addressing the unrelated business income tax (UBIT) exception for sponsorship income. Commercial companies are increasingly interested in sponsoring the associations activities, including those taking place on the Internet. The regulations limit the situations in which income from sponsorships can be tax-free. And finally, the IRS issued a revenue ruling on hospital joint ventures that also applies to other exempt-organization joint ventures. That ruling emphasizes contractual control provisions in the joint venture. In essence, too much control by the commercial joint venture partner can endanger the tax-exempt status. The ruling suggests a three-part â€Å"safe harbor† test for associations to protect their exempt status. First, the dominant purpose of the joint venture should be one of the tax-exempt purposes of the association. Second, private or for-profit benefit must be merely incidental. And third, the association must have effective control of the venture. Online Income Models One easy way to classify strategic online partnerships is by the nature of the income the association will receive and what can be done to make that income tax-free. It is critical at the outset of evaluating an e-commerce proposal to realize that achieving tax-free income by accident is extremely unlikely. More and more during recent decades the IRS has administered UBIT as a tax that applies to almost all association income unless it is intentionally structured that income to fit within UBIT exclusion. Contrary to traditional thinking, the income is not automatically tax-free simply because the organization is tax-exempt. Here is an overview of the primary online revenue-sharing models. Royalties Online partners may have the permission to use the associations name and logo on its site in exchange for a royalty. Partners may be licensed to use information gathered on the e-commerce site for its own commercial purposes, in exchange for a royalty. Commissions The organization may provide services and get paid a commission. That is generally considered taxable income. In many cases, the same activity would be better structured, legally and tax-wise, as a royalty. From a legal perspective, a royalty arrangement is preferable because the association would be considered as a passive licensor rather than an active participant in the business, thereby avoiding liability for legal claims against that business. A royalty arrangement would also be better tax-wise because the royalty would be tax-free. However, as is evident by their associations contracts, many association executives do not fully understand that a commission cannot be made into a royalty by simply calling it that. First and foremost, the facts of the arrangement have to change. Sponsorships A company may be authorized to sponsor a Web page, a Web-based educational program, or almost anything else in exchange for a sponsorship payment. If the sponsor does not receive a substantial return benefit, the payment can be tax-free. It must be realize, however, that large sponsorship payments often come with strings attached, so sponsorship regulations require careful analysis. For example, the IRS deals somewhat harshly with exclusive sponsorships in which the sponsors competitors are prohibited from providing their goods or services to the members. Charitable Contributions Various agreements are being promoted by commercial companies to get charities involved in their online commercial ventures in exchange for making payments to the charities. These payments are sometimes characterized as charitable contributions. If someone pays money to a commercial company with the understanding and intent that a portion of it will go to a charity as a gift, that gift may be properly characterized by the charity as a contribution to the charity, and therefore be considered tax-free income. However, this isnt always the case. If the charity provides services to the commercial company, for example, the IRS may classify the income as a fee for services. Each charitable partnership proposal requires individual analysis. Business-to-business Internet marketplaces Many associations are considering the online business-to-business model, initiated either on their own or with an outside partner. A vertical B-to-B marketplace automates procurement by bringing buyers and sellers together for transactions, and sometimes providing and/or gathering industry-specific information. A horizontal marketplace provides goods and services generic to many businesses, such as office supplies or business insurance. Internet marketplace relationships in particular give rise to several key issues. †¢ Taxation. Associations that run these Internet activities on their own can obtain several types of income, including fees for each consummated transaction. Absent a compelling argument that the service provided primarily benefits the public, such fees are likely to be taxable income. Associations that license their name and logo to a commercial marketplace operator, however, can collect tax-free royalties. †¢ Control. The do-it-yourself model permits more control than the licensing model. However, licensing agreements may provide quality control standards for the partner actually providing the product or service. †¢ Antitrust concerns. Either type of Internet marketplace raises substantial antitrust concerns (collusion and anticompetitive results) at the Justice Department and the Federal Trade Commission. These concerns are best handled while setting up the marketplace, by the way the marketplace is structured, and through specific provisions in underlying legal documents. Migrating To The Internet Some associations are migrating traditional activities to the Web. For example, publications are being moved online, as are affinity programs. What happens to the legal and tax issues surrounding these activities within an online context? The answer may be not much, or a lot. Not much happens if it is considered that a royalty is not changed to taxable income, or vice versa, by converting the member insurance affinity program to a Web-based marketing and application process. But a lot can happen if it is considered that new issues may arise that were less important, or even non-existent, prior to the migration. For example, privacy issues abound on the Internet. Will the members be more reluctant to supply insurance applications or claims data electronically? They well could be if they understand the evolution of privacy and security on the Internet. When asked about his companys Internet privacy policy, Scott McNealy, chairman and chief executive officer of Sun Microsystems, said the policy could be stated in eight simple words: â€Å"There is no Internet privacy. Get over it.† Migrating an affinity program to the Web also raises a variety of legal and tax linking questions that will not be resolved anytime soon. For instance, is the link from an association site to an insurance providers site intellectual property that can be licensed for a royalty? Probably. Can a nonprofit, especially a Section 501(c)(3)or 501(c)(4) organization, give away the linkmeaning permit the link to be used without charge? Probably not, because this could raise exempt-status issues, and for those two types of organizations, intermediate sanctions issues (taxation of individuals) as well. In addition, especially for charities, state attorneys general might object to diversions of charitable assets. E-Commerce Contracts Why do organizations signing up for e-commerce sites so often strike out in the contract department? Strike one. Association leaders sign standard contracts that take away the organizations rights. And these contracts may reflect unintended legal relationshipsfor instance, the contract may describe the relationship as a partnership when it is actually intended to establish a licensor/licensee arrangement. Strike two. Association staff negotiates their own contract changes rather than using a lawyer to negotiate the legal documents. Strike three. The association does its own drafting rather than relying on legal analysis to figure out what laws apply, how to apply them to the contract, and how to integrate all parts of the contract. Out. When problems arise later, do not expect the contract for assistance. In e-commerce, as in baseball, three strikes typically mean that ‘the player’ is out of the game. Failure to consider the complexities of old and new laws as they affect commercial activities on the Internet will reduce the income potential and increase the tax liability and other legal risk. Using legal counsel to help match the e-commerce activities with new legal developmentsand to design and negotiate the customized contracts imperative in the new economywill result in more income with less risk. Reducing e-Commerce Risk Because online ventures are for the most part still a new addition to the family of association strategic partnerships, the potential for legal and financial risk is very real. But associations can reduce their risk by keeping four things in mind: 1. A new person in the market is less likely to do something right the first time through. When the potential to make mistakes is recognized, one may slow down enough to ask more questions and seek more help, rather than trying to move ahead at Internet speed. 2. If the association is breaking new ground in the world of online ventures, recognize that the legal outcomes are less certain and potential dispute costs will be much higher, since no real legal precedence will be available on which to hang the hat. 3. In an online world, the number of potential plaintiffs who may want to sue is infinitely larger than in the pre-online world. 4. While Internet insurance policies are currently in the works, many traditional policies dont explicitly state that they cover the associations e-commerce endeavors. This itself should encourage associations to proceed cautiously in their online ventures. Of course, careful analysis and development of any new venture early on will help reduce both legal and financial risk. To ensure that the associations strategic planning includes strategic thinking about the online initiatives, be sure to answer certain key questions as an early part of a comprehensive e-commerce action plan: †¢ What new e-commerce activities are in the works throughout the association? †¢ What current e-commerce activities need legal review? †¢ What tax analysis has been done with regard to these activities, and what tax alternatives need more analysis? †¢ What budget steps must be taken before outside help is retained? †¢ Who should be on e-commerce planning team (e.g., senior information technology staff or consultant, insurance agent, lawyer, or certified public accountant)? Conclusion In view of the great importance of e-commerce, it is absolutely necessary to have adequate legislation. Such legislation must be adopted worldwide because the ease systems such as the Internet offer to the international trading of products or services, forces such transactions to be made in accordance with the trade law of each of the countries involved. The adequate legislation in each of the countries that perform electronic transactions will help the growth of e-business transactions. In view of the fact that e-commerce is in a very early stage of development in many countries, there is no specific legislation in this respect. As electronic commerce is not mentioned in any Law or Regulation, electronic transactions are not considered as valid for any enforcement purpose at this time. Meanwhile, in many countries, in the absence of any specific legislation, parties may rely on private agreements to govern their e-commerce transactions. However, the agreements will not be enforceable unless they are in written form and signed by both parties. Bibliography Barlow, J.P. WIRED 2.03: The Economy of Ideas. Available HTTP: http://www.ifla.org/documents/infopol/copyright/jpbarlow.htm accessed on April 5, 2007. Digimarc. Digimarc. Available HTTP: http://www.digimarc.com accessed on April 5, 2007. Edwards, L. Wealde, C. Law and the Internet: Regulating Cyberspace, second edition. Oxford: Hart, accessed on April 5, 2007. Free-Market.Net Spotlight on Intellectual Property. Available HTTP: http://www.free-market.net/spotlight/iproperty 03. December 2001, accessed on April 5, 2007. Gallfent, R. Introduction to Basic Notions of Industrial Property, WIPO/TM/KTM/97/1, November 1997 Idris, Kamil, Intellectual Property, A Power Tool for Economic Growth, WIPO Pub. No. 888, January 2003 Lehman, B.A. Support for Economic and Political Freedom. Available HTTP: http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/intelprp/support.htm accessed on April 5, 2007. Lerch, D. Issues of Intellectual Property Copyright for Educators. Available HTTP: http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/wp/copyright/issues_of_ip.html, accessed on April 5, 2007 Olsson, H. Introduction to Intellectual Property Law, WIPO/CNR/S/93/1, August 1993 The National Academies, The Digital Dilemma: Intellectual Property in the Information Age. Available HTTP: http://www4.nationalacademies.org/news.nsf/isbn/0309064996?OpenDocument accessed on April 5, 2007. UK Patent Office. Copyright History. Available HTTP: http://www.patent.gov.uk/copy/history/ accessed on April 5, 2007 UNCITRAL, History and Background, Guide to Enactment of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996): III. HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF THE MODEL LAW, The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law as retrieved on April 5, 2007 from http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/un.electronic.commerce.model.law.1996/history.background.html Volkman, R. Software Ownership and Natural Rights. Online. Available HTTP: http://www.southernct.edu/organizations/rccs/resources/research/intellectual_property/volkman_nat-rights.html accessed on April 5, 2007

Franz Kafka :: essays research papers

â€Å"When he lifted his head a little, he saw his vaulted brown belly, sectioned by arch-shaped ribs, to whose dome the cover, about to slide off completely, could barely cling. His many legs, pitifully thin compared with the size of the rest of him, were waving helplessly before his eyes.† Gregor Samsa is the main character in this story to go through a metamorphosis. This change has turned Gregor into a â€Å"monstrous vermin†. Kafka expresses the anxieties, inner terrors, and cynicism of Gregor’s life throughout the novella, Metamorphosis. Gregor’s feelings towards his job, the effect his job has on his family, and the cruelty that his family displays show many of the changes that occur in the story. The novel opens with Gregor in his monstrous state, late for work. He surmises that his job as a traveling salesman is very important, since he has to pay off his father’s debts, yet he is growing extremely tired and frustrated about it. â€Å"The upset of doing business is much worse than the actual business in the home office, and, besides, I’ve got the torture of traveling, worrying about changing trains, eating miserable food at all hours, constantly seeing new faces, no relationships that last or get more intimate. To the devil with it all!† Gregor has a great amount of anger towards his job, which soon leads to his resentment towards society as a whole. The fact that his office manager showed up at Gregor’s house plays an immense role in creating apprehension and anxieties in Gregor’s mind. He feels strangled by his job and is too weak to tolerate the pressure. Along with the pressure created by his office manager and society, the Samsa’s, especially Gregor’s father, take advantage of him. Gregor earns the basic income to support his family. â€Å"But of course he actually could have paid off more of his father’s debt to the boss with this extra money, and the clay on wh ich he could have gotten rid of his job would have been much closer, but now things were undoubtedly better, the way his father had arranged them.† The bad taste of the Samsa’s has put Gregor in a difficult position, which I feel is one of the largest issues leading to Gregor’s metamorphosis. Gregor’s family in general had given him the negative attitude he has on life. They took advantage of him to the point where he was the means of the family’s survival.

Human Sexuality Essay

Teresita went to a fraternity party because she’d heard that this fraternity â€Å"really knew how to have fun† and she really needed fun after a disastrous academic week. She knew that some women had been taken advantage of at previous parties, but she put that out of her mind, as she downed one drink after another. Just when things were getting dull, the coolest guy on campus took her by the hand, led her upstairs and talked her into having sex. The next day, Teresita noticed that her vagina was bruised and bleeding. She barely recalled having sex, but knew who was responsible for her condition, and filed rape charges against him with the campus administrator. Phillip was alone on the beach. Midnight was his favourite time of day, there were no other people around and he could really enjoy the sound of the waves and smell of the ocean breeze. He was almost asleep when he felt two women sit down next to him. One of them held down his arms while sitting on his chest. The other woman pulled down his bathing suit and began fellatio. In spite of his struggling and his anger, he got an erection. Both women took turns sitting on his erection, and left him when they were done. Phillip was confused — he couldn’t tell if he had been raped or not. He knows he didn’t want to have sex with these women he didn’t know, but can’t understand why he couldn’t fight them off (they were both smaller than him) and why he had an erection. Monica is seventeen and has been having sex with guys since she was fifteen. Gary is twenty-one and heard that Monica was â€Å"hot stuff† in bed. They go out and have consensual sex. Next day, Gary’s friend tells him he raped Monica. Is Gary’s friend correct?

Family Support Services - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1062 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Sociology Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? In normal life experience there are diverse family services that we encounter for the rest of our lives. The relationship between the protection of the child and family support has various connections of several aspects in life. The safety and child wellbeing relates directly to support and preservation services. Before one embarks on the long journey to build a family, and later child up keep and protection, there are foundations that must be conjoined together for the delivery of effective and essential services all round. Assets to sustain and safeguard family all the way through considerate strong foundations are based on, joined family evaluations, decision making, preventive measures and cultural capabilities and material provisions needed to manoeuvre. The general family services both proper and familiar beneath the patronage of the welfare of the child has universal inclusions of faith, locality relations, schools, and the civic organizati ons. Family based services reinforce the aptitude of parents to mind for and defend their offspring and endorse the familys ability to administer their individual lives, transmitting the significance that all families can detriment from upholds and families can study starting from one another. The family main support services are resources, moral hold up and education. These assets provide spouses to attain self-reliance, independent running of their affairs and to participate and co-exist effectively within the community (Allen, 1994). The support services of a family may be aimed at to all families with kids or to a collection of families with widespread distinctiveness, such as teenager parents or parents of kids with disabilities. Support services encourage parental proficiency and healthy child improvement by helping parents enhance their strengths and decide troubles that can lead to child abuse, delays on development, and family disturbance. These programs also inc lude care giving, counselling, community resource centres entrenched to school services and many more. The ideologies of family support accentuate partnership among staff and families; families as source of sustain; admiration of cultural, ethnic, and linguistic difference; family support as a strategy for community building; and the integration of family support values throughout program planning and administration. The family intervention or the protection services are regarded as temporary or short term and are constantly offered at home in view of fulfilling the goal of protection during any crisis. These family services ensure that each and every member of the family is safe and are the intermediary services that give a connection bridge to the entire community. This assures reunifications and gives adoption or guardianship a clear sense of existence. Relations protection services grew out of the detection that children need a secure and established family and that extrication of children from their families is distressing for them, often parting permanent unenthusiastic effects. These services build upon the conviction that many children can be safely protected and treated within their own homes when parents are provided with services and support they are empowered to change their lives. Community officials, organization administrators, practitioners, intellectuals have argued over whether child welfare agencies, through their work to prevent residency and reunify children with their families, were sufficiently addressing for kids safety needs. Premature babyhood programs sustain families by contribution to actions that boost parents defensive personality (Roessler 1990). Characteristically, programs review family requirements, associate families to neighbourhood assets, offer therapy and education for the parent, react to crises, and hold parents in management. In some countries there are multiple children laws that implicate thes e services especially In the US the law provides various direct expressway enforcement mechanisms. For instance, it allows a custodian parent to have an order mailed to the employer of the compelled parent, which will require that employer to hold back pay for the assistance of the child; in addition, it allows the caretaker parent to have an order posted to even an outside state court to implement the order. The law also supports professionals in ensuring a lawfully lasting, fostering family for every child in out-of-home care through family reunification, acceptance from foster care, custodian, and unending placements with relatives; including matters on legal issues, preparing and supporting children and youth, inter-jurisdictional placements, post-permanency services, and special issues in realizing permanency for older youth, children from marginal groups, and children with disabilities. Adoption is a lawful procedure which establishes child to parent relationshi p between persons who are not each others natural Parent or child. This is another family support that can actually cause havoc to a child when cases of adverse abuse occur. Adoption involves research and evaluation of ones opinions, selecting an organization, being harmonized with a child, and a lot of endurance and determination. It is not an impressive idea to go into, lacking liability on ground work first. This is supposed to typically take a least a number of months and is occasion well exhausted, so that there will be no turning back. References Ashbaugh B. C. Blaney (Eds.), 1991, creating individual support: people with developmental disabilities: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. A Hartman, J Laird, 1983, Familylife: centered family social work practice, Free Press, New York. Bexter, C., Poonia, K., Ward, L., Nadishaw, Z., 1990, Dual bigotry: services for community with knowledge difficulty from black and cultural minority communities. London: Kings Fund Cen tre. Biklen, D. 1990community life: sustaining people with disabilities, Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Covert, S. B., MacIntosh, J. D., Shumway, D. L. 1994, Family support: Training Center: A case study in systems change, McGraw Covert, S., Osuch, R., OConnor, S., Agosta, J., Blaney, B. 1990, Family support services in the United States: An end of decade status report. Cambridge, MA: Human Services Research Institute. Lakin, K. C., Hill, B. K. 1989, Planning for children and youth: Exceptional Children, Oxford University Press. Roessler, J. A. 1990, Permanency planning: Department of Special Education and Bureau of Child Research. Rider, M. E., Mason, J. L. 199, Issues in culturally competent service: Family Support and Childrens Mental Health. Portland State University. Raustadottir, J. Taylor, R. Bogdan, A. Racino (Eds.), 1991, Life in the community: Case studies of organizations supporting people with disabilities, Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. Shoultz, B. 1993. The origins and workings: New Hampshires family support: Syracuse, NY: Center on Human Policy. Shoultz, B., OConnor, S., Hulgin, K., Newman, P. (1994). Permanency planning: From philosophy to reality. Syracuse, NY: Center on Human Policy. Taylor, S. J. 1995, Family life and parenting: The variety of community experience: Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Family Support Services" essay for you Create order

The Major Divisions Of Philosophy - 860 Words

One of the major divisions of philosophy would be Metaphysics. According to Merriam-Webster online dictionary Metaphysics simply defined is â€Å"the part of philosophy that is concerned with the basic causes and nature of things.† The full definition given is â€Å"a division of philosophy that is concerned with the fundamental nature of reality and being and that includes ontology, cosmology, and often epistemology.† According to John Phillips, in his book Exploring the Gospel of John, Aristotle used Metaphysics to refer to ultimate reality. Metaphysics can be subdivided into 4 areas: Ontology, Cosmology, Psychology, Theology. Some have referred to Metaphysics as the â€Å"metaphysical†. It literally means after, beyond, or against and opposed to the physical. Some scholars call it the foundation of philosophy and â€Å"Aristotle calls it the first philosophy and says it is the subject that deals with first causes and the principles of things.† Th e first subdivision of Metaphysics is Ontology. This is a term that means being or existence. It comes from the Greek â€Å"ontolos† that is a participle of the verb â€Å"eimi†. It deals with the nature of being, what entities exist, and how those entities may be grouped, related with a hieracharcy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences. Some fundamental questions of ontology are: †¢ What can be said to exist? †¢ What are the meanings of being? †¢ What is a thing? †¢ How can you categorize existing things? Stephens Pg 2 †¢Show MoreRelatedA Research Study Of Sociology1708 Words   |  7 Pagessame drive and desire to be a successful young scholar. 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There have been four major religious or philosophical revolutions, between 800 and 300 b.c.e.; Chinese Philosophy (Confucianism, Daoism and Legalism), Indian Religion (Hinduism, Jains, Buddhism), Hebrew Monotheism (Belief in one god: Christianity, Muslim traditions and Judian Monotheism), and Greek Philosophy (Scientific Methodology,and prominent philosophers:Read MoreThe Idea of Social Theory776 Words   |  4 Pages It is difficult to say when the idea of social theory came around because it is difficult to d ocument such an event; it is not as simple as other firsts in the world. The earliest, one can say, is around the time of the Western philosophy came around with Plato and Herodotus among others and maybe even Confucius. The ideal behind social theory is that it is the framework used to study and interpret social phenomena throughout the world. 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Nazi Germany And The Nazi Party - 1613 Words

Throughout Nazi Germany in the period 1928 through to 1941, racism was utilized by Hitler, and in turn his Nazi party, firstly to secure Hitler’s position as a dictator, and secondly to unite the German people against a common enemy, which would lead to a united powerful state, ready and able to exert its national will. Whether or not his aims were oppressive in nature is debatable but, his aims for racial purification and domination over Eastern Europe are made obvious before Hitler’s assumption of power, primarily in the racist crude writings of Mein Kampf, and even from Moellers Des drittes Reich from the 1920s. It can be said, therefore, though Hitler may not have been successful in achieving an oppressive state, he may certainly have desired it. Constantly, it is made obvious, through his use of racism in both Domestic and foreign policy that Hitler’s ultimate aim, was total power, both for himself and his master race - the Volksgeminschaft. Hitler s use of racism is continually evident from the beginning of his comings to power, through till his attack on the Soviet Union in June of 1941. Racism, was initially used by Hitler to identify his sympathizers, and most predominant to unite the German people again public internal enemy number one - The Jews. Anti-semitism, anti-communism and attacks on several other minority groups ranging from slaves to democrats, provided Hitler with the Stab in the back theory post World War One, and provides and excuse for defeat withShow MoreRelatedNazi Germany And The Nazi Party Essay2053 Words   |  9 Pagessignificant in Germany in the period of 1933 to 1945 as it affected the people of Germany greatly since propaganda was presented to people in their everyday lives in some manner or form, making it inescapable. 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Both operated similarly and had similar aims. Anything either government did was an action for maintaining power. Both the Nazis and the Party maintained similar ideologies, controlled mass media, educated children in their beliefs, had a secret police force, and had forced labor camps. Both governments used each of these methods maintain power and control overRead MoreThe Failure of Democracy in Germany in the Period 1928 to 19341117 Words   |  5 PagesFailure of Democracy in Germany in the Period 1928 to 1934 Those in power in Weimar Germany so consistently mishandled the political and economic situation leading up to the period 1928-1934, that a well-structured challenge from the Nazi Party brought about the fall of democracy. This Nazi Party was stronger ideologically, structurally within the party and politically, with Hitler as Fuhrer a major factor himself. In addition, factions within Germany for whom a right-wingRead MoreHitler s Political And Foreign Policy1263 Words   |  6 Pagesbad guys: the Jews. In Germany, the depression of the early 1930’s was an extreme event that caused democratic parties to lose support. The poor economy influenced people to turn to the radical Nazi party, which offered seemingly easy and quick solutions to all of their problems. Upon Hitler’s increase in leadership and totalitarian power, Germany â€Å"became the political and foreign policy [center] of Hitler s Reich† (Hagen). As their power expanded, Hitler and the Nazi Party effectively promoted GermanRead MorePrior To The Onset Of The Incomparable Discouragement In1600 Words   |  7 PagesDiscouragement in Germany in 1929–1930, the National Communist German Specialists Gathering was a little gathering on the radical right of the German political range. In the Reichstag (parliament) races of May 2, 1928, the Nazis got just 2.6 percent of the national vote, a propor tionate decrease from 1924, when the Nazis got 3 percent of the vote. The issue that concluded the start of World War 2 was Germany attacking and attempting to vanquish Poland on September first. the Nazi over the Jews in Nazi GermanyRead More The German Community during the Hitler Reign Essay1336 Words   |  6 Pagesduring Hitler’s reign in Germany, German citizens felt the impacts of the political as well as the economic situation of the country. These conditions in Germany led to the building of the Nazi party and to the Holocaust. The new government headed by Adolf Hitler changed the life of all Germans whether they joined the Nazi party themselves or opposed the ideas of Hitler or aided Jews to fight the persecution they suffered under this government. In 1929, Germany was in a very poor stateRead MoreA Brief Note On Nazis And The Environment1023 Words   |  5 Pages Environment Professor Yan Gao 2 December 2015 Nazis and the Environment The Nazi party in Germany left behind a legacy of atrocities that included racism, anti-Semitism, and genocide. The appeal of the Nazis relied on problems in Germany following the aftermath of World War I. They examined the different problems Germany faced and the different aspects of their political beliefs, one in particular being their environmental outlook. The Nazi party drew substantial support with their idealized versionRead MoreIb History Essay: Nazi Ideology1180 Words   |  5 PagesStrength and Weaknesses from the impact of Nazi ideology on Germany | | Jean-Vincent Mewald | 3/March/2012 | | Nazi ideology had a massive impact on the German people in the years from 1933-39. All aspects of the Germans where influenced by the Nazi ideology (culturally, socially and economical). Nazi ideology affected mostly the younger generation of Germans, as it was easier to manipulate them through school and youth groups. In addition, Nazi leaders thought it was of great importance

The Jerks From North Kitsap Essay Research free essay sample

The Jerks From North Kitsap Essay, Research Paper The Jerks from NK November 14, 1999: What must hold been the worst twenty-four hours in rushing history, an full cross state squad was lost and found dead 21 stat mis away class by the Pacific Ocean. Here is the narrative of what was one time thought to hold been the best X-Country squad of all time. NK Runner: ( Heading to patrol auto ) # 8220 ; I swear I didn # 8217 ; t think they # 8217 ; d make it! It was merely a gag. I mean, who in God # 8217 ; s name would travel that far of class anyhow! ? I # 8217 ; m guiltless I tells ya. INNOCENT! # 8221 ; Police Man: Why did you state them to run a different path, boy? Why did you indicate them in the incorrect way? NK Runner: It wasnt # 8217 ; T merely me. It was my whole squad. We didn # 8217 ; t think they # 8217 ; vitamin D go where we pointed. We didn # 8217 ; t really think they # 8217 ; d run to Bear Cove for cryin # 8217 ; out loud. We will write a custom essay sample on The Jerks From North Kitsap Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We all had a good laugh when we watched the full PA squad travel the incorrect manner, but had no thought it would take to this. Police Man: Lead to this so. The whole squad was ripped apart by bears. How could you draw such a fallacious act, boy? NK Runner: It was merely a gag # 8230 ; .. Throughout the twenty-four hours, smuggler by smuggler was interviewed. Everybody who was on the premesis was asked why such an incident could happen. # 8220 ; The Jerks From NK # 8221 ; was the conclusive consequence. Hated in merely about every athletics, NK had told the PA squad to run down the incorrect way, so PA did. This diary was found at Bear Cove. A diary you ask? Yes, PA had a journalist go along for the tally with them. A former X-Country adult male himself, he # 8217 ; vitamin D intermission to compose, and so he # 8217 ; d run to catch up. Weird, yes, but everyone in town wanted to cognize what made the squad maintain on traveling. Here # 8217 ; s a few inserts from the diary. We truly must be in front of the battalion now for we have non seen another smuggler in sight for the longest clip. It # 8217 ; s been 4 stat mis and we # 8217 ; rhenium still the lone 1s about. We merely got done hesitating for a interruption because we think something # 8217 ; s a small spot fishy. Ever since those NK cats pointed us down this trail we haven’t seen a psyche. We’re get downing to acquire tired but we’ll support trecking on. Signing off. 20 more proceedingss of running and still cipher in sight. The squad is acquiring a small ragged. We # 8217 ; re get downing to believe we took a incorrect bend because we know NK would neer direct us in the incorrect way. We # 8217 ; re acquiring weak and tired and do non cognize what to make. It # 8217 ; s get downing to rain and it # 8217 ; s acquiring dark out. We have no commissariats because we figured the race would be over in about a half hr. It # 8217 ; s been 3 or 4 hours and we # 8217 ; rhenium lost. We don # 8217 ; T know where to turn # 8230 ; We merely saw a mark called # 8220 ; Bear Cove # 8221 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; there are castanetss everyplace. Animal castanetss we presume. There # 8217 ; s a immense watercourse running over yonder. I have seen three pink-orange leap already. Bear Cove is a really chilling name. I wonder if there are genuinely bears around here # 8230 ; ..I # 8217 ; m get downing to believe those NK cats pointed us in the incorrect way. Or did we merely take a incorrect bend? ? Twilight. Harmonizing to my ticker it # 8217 ; s been 13 hours since we were at the beginning of the race. I # 8217 ; m acquiring really disquieted. The squad seems to believe person will happen us shortly. I know for a fact cipher hikes into Bear Cove without a gun. I # 8217 ; m scared. I don # 8217 ; t cognize what to make. I # 8217 ; m acquiring tired of composing. Maybe it # 8217 ; s clip to pack away my things for the dark. I don # 8217 ; t see how we # 8217 ; re traveling to kip # 8230 ; # 8230 ; I merely heard a loud growl # 8230 ; # 8230 ; .Now I # 8217 ; m scared to decease # 8230 ; . It # 8217 ; s now forenoon. Scott, Alex, and Frankie are nowhere to be seen. There are blood runs around the large logs so we think they were likely eaten by bears. Well that # 8217 ; s what I think, the others are in denial right now. We can non believe this is go oning to us. How could we have been so stupid? It must hold been NK. I know for a fact it was. They didn # 8217 ; t want PA to win the race so they pointed us in the incorrect way. If we of all time acquire back alive, I # 8217 ; ll do a hit list with all their names on it! ! I # 8217 ; m turning weak. Not merely did I run a batch # 8230 ; .I haven # 8217 ; t eaten in 24 hours. AHHhhhh